A 30 year old woman has Hashimoto’s disease. Genetic analysis reveals that she has Hashimoto’s disease.

Which protein is most likely to be mutated?

Hashimoto’s disease is characterized by the destructive attack of cytotoxic T cells, which are normally responsible for recognizing and eliminating infected cells through interaction with MHC class I molecules on the cell surface.

Which co-receptor allows cytotoxic T cells to bind specifically to MHC class I molecules?

A 46-year-old man has recurrent renal colic and bony aches. His endocrinologist orders a parathyroid scan and finds higher technetium (Tc99m-MIBI) uptake by parathyroid glands. Which parathyroid hormone action can be enhanced in the kidney in this condition?

A 40 year old woman develops spontaneous muscle contractions shortly after thyroidectomy. Her blood parathyroid hormone and calcium are low. What is the most likely action of parathyroid hormone to increase blood calcium level?

A 12 year old boy is shorter than his siblings. After performing anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests, his health care practitioner diagnoses him with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. What is the most likely management that can be adopted in this case?

A 12 year old boy is referred to the endocrinology clinic for assessment of puberty.

His testicular volume is 6 ml.

What is his most likely Tanner staging?

A 14 year old adolescent is brought by his parents to the family doctor concerned that he is getting taller faster than expected compared to his siblings. History reveals that he is taking large doses of amino acids and growth hormone injection to have better muscle size in the gymnastic. Which provisional diagnosis would you suspect in this case?

A 40 year old woman is diagnosed with medullary thyroid cancer, the oncologist asks for investigations in another endocrine gland to detect if the tumor is isolated or associated with a tumor as a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia.

Which is the single most likely gland the oncologist is referring to?

A 50 year old man visits the family physician as he notices a recent increase in his shoe size, enlargement of his fingers and toes and changes in his facial features. Investigations show enlargement in the pituitary gland and he is diagnosed with acromegaly.

Which is the single most likely affected pituitary gland cell in his condition?

A 45 year old man with a history of type 2 diabetes presents to the clinic with increased blood glucose levels despite recent dietary modifications. His physician explains that his insulin resistance is likely affecting specific cellular pathways in his adipose tissues.

Which signaling pathway is most likely showing decreased activity due to insulin resistance?