Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as nitric oxide

Complement components C5 and C9, which assemble directly on the phagolysosomal membrane to induce osmotic lysis of the internalized pathogen

Major basic protein (MBP) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), which form pores in the microbial cell wall via a calcium-dependent mechanism

Histamine and heparin, which increase the permeability of the phagosome to allow the influx of serum antibodies for intra-phagosomal neutralization

All of these

They respond to LPS from the pathogenic bacteria located in the phagosome

B cells also receive activation signals from T cells via the CD40 ligand

B cells are located in the bone marrow

They receive activation signals from neutrophils through the CD40 ligand

B cells express the  CD15 molecule

The innate immune response can be divided into specific recognition, activation, memory, and regulation

Innate immunity is more effective at eliminating pathogens than adaptive immunity

The innate immune system produces highly specific antibodies tailored to recognize unique antigens from a previous pathogen and provides long-term immune memory

The innate immune response targets self-tissues

Deficiencies in innate immunity significantly increase host susceptibility to infections, even when the adaptive immune response is intact

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

ariable surface glycoproteins (VSGs)

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)

Patterned histocompatibility series (PHSs)

Memory B cells are present only in the periphery and in the spleen

Memory B cells can reenter the germinal center but do not undergo somatic hypermutation or affinity maturation

Memory B cells degrade anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2, intracellularly

Memory B cells only secrete the IgG trimer

After secondary exposure to the antigens, memory B cells become activated