Categorical

Extraneous

None of the

options

Control

Categorical variable

Dependent variable

Extraneous variable

Independent variable

Independent

Variable

Extraneous

Variable

Dependent

Variable

Control

Variable

Development of justified distrust and suspicion toward Western researchers and intentions, creating barriers that require genuine relationship-building and ethical approaches to overcome

A complete and permanent rejection of all forms of knowledge sharing with non-Indigenous people, including refusal to participate in health services or educational programs

A strong preference for quantitative over qualitative research methods in all community-based projects, with emphasis on statistical analysis rather than storytelling or narrative approaches

Significantly increased participation and leadership positions in mainstream research institutions, with many First Peoples becoming principal investigators and heads of major university departments

Indigenous ways of knowing are understood collectively with each person holding sets of knowledge that contribute to society, while Western epistemology emphasises individual expertise and mastery

Indigenous ways of knowing use the same processes as Western science but apply them in outdoor natural settings with traditional tools rather than in controlled laboratory environments

Indigenous ways of knowing rely exclusively on oral tradition and ceremonial practices and reject all forms of written documentation as fundamentally incompatible with First Peoples cultural values

Indigenous ways of knowing are appropriate only for spiritual or ceremonial contexts and community gatherings, while Western epistemology is the standard for practical applications and scientific purposes

Understanding your worldview only matters in anthropology research and has no relevance to clinical healthcare practice or medical research with patients

Reflecting on your own gender, cultural background, experiences of privilege or discrimination, and beliefs about reality helps you recognise how these shape your interpretations and practice with First Peoples

Healthcare providers should focus exclusively on patients' worldviews without examining their own, as self-reflection distracts from providing efficient clinical care

Acknowledging your worldview is unnecessary because professional training ensures healthcare providers treat all patients objectively without personal bias

Translating Western research documents into Indigenous languages so that communities can read academic publications about themselves

A historical process that occurred in the 1960s when countries gained independence and is no longer relevant to contemporary research practices

Challenging the dominance of Western research values and methods, and transforming research so that First Peoples control research about communities and knowledge

Removing all Western influence from Indigenous communities and returning to pre-contact ways of living without any modern technology or practices

Writing

a detailed research proposal

Critically analysing and effectively summarising the literature

Developing a

hypothesis based on intuition

Conducting

experiments and gathering data

Paradigm

shifts

Challenges

to normal science

Descriptive

Analytical

Level

II moderate research

None

of these

Level

I basic research

Level III applied research