Jim thought that the strong negative correlation that he observed between depression and self-esteem meant that having a low self-esteem led to high levels of depression. Jim is misinterpreting the correlation by assuming:

In descriptive research designs researchers often use survey techniques to collect data in order to describe a chosen variable. What is one of the major threats to validity when using survey techniques? 

Analyses of the specific injury that Phineas Gage suffered, along with careful analyses of his behaviour after the injury were very important because:

A new study has found that there are increases in the number of apartment blocks and Cafes in Australia. The study claimed that there is a positive relationship between the number of apartment blocks built and cafes opened. However you notice this is only true in cities with high levels of population growth. What type of correlational relationship best describes this finding.

Research designs in which researchers produce careful analyses of the experiences of a single person are referred to as:

The most important difference between case studies and casual (unscientific) analyses of behavior is that case studies:

Which of J.S. Mill's three criteria for determining causality is effectively measured by correlational studies?

You have recently read a paper that claimed that depression leads to social isolation. You know this is based on correlation evidence and try to explain to your friend that this finding is not valid because: