Damage to the bone marrow.

Inadequate bilirubin levels.

Insufficient Vitamin B₁₂.

Bleeding.

Abnormal haemoglobin.

A

person who is blood group O positive donates to a person who is blood group AB

positive.

A person who is blood group A negative donates to a person who is blood group A

positive.

A person who is blood group AB positive donates to a person who is blood group A

positive.        

A person who is blood group O positive donates to a

person who is blood group B negative.

A person who is blood group B positive donates to a person who is blood group AB positive.

Each of the subunits of the haemoglobin molecule contains a haem group that is necessary for the binding of oxygen.

Haemoglobin is an excellent acid-base buffer because the iron binds bicarbonate.

Haemoglobin from erythrocytes that have been removed from the circulation is degraded into bilirubin and other compounds.

Males have a haemoglobin concentration of around 16 g per 100 ml of whole blood and females around 14 g per 100 ml of whole blood.           

The human erythrocyte contains haemoglobin, a respiratory pigment based on the iron atom.

generally have single large non-segmented nuclei.

are one type of granulocyte.

are derived from committed myeloid cells in the bone marrow.

are chemotaxic.

make up the majority of white blood cells.

the formation of a fibrin clot.

the formation of a blood clot.

vascular spasm.

the formation of a platelet plug.

secretion of histamine.

Lymphocytes

Erythrocytes

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

Monocytes

has a diameter of about 15 micrometres.

lives on average for 280 days.

contains 75% haemoglobin.

uses the enzyme carbonic anhydrase to catalyse the reaction between carbon and oxygen.

develops from a committed myeloid stem cell.

Yolk sac

Bone marrow

Kidney

Spleen

Liver

increased; πp (or π_CAP).

decreased; πp (or π_CAP).

increased; Pc (or P_CAP).

decreased; Pc (or P_CAP).

unchanged; both Pc and πp, which balance each other.

Net water transport is independent of net (hydraulic) filtration pressure.

Urea diffuses across the wall down its concentration gradient.

Glucose is carried across the wall by active transport.

Glucose permeation is more than 1000 times faster than oxygen permeation.

Respiratory gases

permeate slowly, because they are lipid soluble.