decreased end-systolic volume and increased stroke volume.

increased end-systolic volume and increased stroke volume.

decreased end-diastolic volume and decreased stroke volume.

increased end-diastolic volume and increased stroke volume.

no change in end-systolic volume or stroke volume.

increases; increased ejection fraction.

decreases; decreased ejection fraction.

increases; decreased preload.

decreases; decreased heart rate.

increases; increased heart rate.

Stimulates thirst.

Stimulates cardiovascular sympathetic nerves.

Stimulates vasodilation.

Stimulates renal water and Na⁺ reabsorption.

Stimulates aldosterone release.

increasing renal (kidney) blood flow.

increasing cardiac parasympathetic nerve activity.

stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

decreasing thirst.

decreasing heart rate.

decreased peripheral resistance.

decreased left ventricular afterload.

increased stroke volume.

increased myocardial contractility.

erythrocytes are wider than the diameter of capillaries,

‘plugging’ them.

resistance to blood flow is highest in the

capillaries.

capillaries are the narrowest vessels.

substance exchange reduces flow velocity.

capillaries

represent the greatest cross-sectional area of the circulation.

Concentration gradient of the substance across the capillary wall.

Capillary wall permeability to the substance.

Capillary surface area.

Molecular size of the substance.

Blood pressure in the capillary.

mean arterial pressure decreases significantly.

diastolic blood pressure increases more than

systolic.

pulse pressure is reduced.

total

peripheral resistance to blood flow decreases.

vasodilation occurs in the visceral organs.

120 mmHg

100 mmHg

40 mmHg

80 mmHg

93 mmHg

large arteries

aorta

capillaries.

resistance arterioles.

veins.