Inadequate housing

Robert Dahl

Mancur Olson

James Buchanan

Graham Allison

How institutional structures and norms shape policy outcomes

The unrestrained self-interest of bureaucrats

The randomness of decisions

Focusing only on exports to reduce inequality

Achieving high GDP growth while ensuring that benefits are equitably

shared across racial and class divides

Limiting growth to prevent inflation

Ignoring inequality until full industrialisation occurs

Shifting

the economy completely to informal sector jobs

Balancing labour protections with the need to attract investment and

create jobs

Reducing trade union involvement in wage negotiations

Abolishing the minimum wage entirely

“Where you stand depends on where you sit”

“Politics stops at the water’s edge”

“Survival of the fittest”

“Garbage in, garbage out”

The strategic interaction between rational actors

The random nature of policy decisions

Group interests in pluralistic societies

Power struggles within bureaucracies

Incremental changes in policy

Standard operating procedures (SOPs) guiding decisions

Random “garbage can” choices

The influence of elites on policy outcomes