By inner flexion, changing the root vowel.

Synthetically, by adding the suffixes -er and -est.

Analytically, using the word-morphemes more and most.

Suppletively, using a completely different stem.

Analytical languages (e.g., English)

Isolating languages

Synthetic languages (e.g., Ukrainian)

Highly inflected languages

Coordinating and Subordinating; connecting units of equal rank and units where one is dependent on the other, respectively.

Derivative and Compound; connecting syntactical units that are homonymous with adverbs and prepositions.

Copulative and Adversative; connecting units to show addition and contrast, respectively.

Simple and Composite; connecting words with strong and weak lexical meanings, respectively.

Qualitative adverbs

Circumstantial adverbs

Adverbs of manner

Quantitative adverbs

Verbs of occurrence

Causative verbs

Activity verbs

Mental verbs

It is only represented clearly in the verb to be (e.g., am—is—are).

It is practically represented by two-member opposemes (e.g., speak—speaks) and is neutralized when associated with the “plural” meaning.

It is represented in sets of three-member opposemes, similar to Ukrainian and German.

The person opposemes are neutralized when associated with the "singular" meaning.

Ukrainian's Infinitive is the only common verbal form, and its diyepryslivnyk corresponds to the English Gerund.

English has the Infinitive, Gerund, and Participle, while Ukrainian has only the Infinitive.

The English system includes the unique Gerund form, and the English Participle combines functions corresponding to two Ukrainian non-finite forms (diyeprykmetnyk and diyepryslivnyk).

English non-finite forms only perform the function of secondary predicates, while Ukrainian ones perform the function of simple predicates.

Meaning of "action/process" and function of a simple predicate.

Meaning of "relations between substances" and function of a linking word.

Meaning of "modality" and function of a parenthetical element.

Meaning of "definiteness/indefiniteness" and function of a noun specifier.

Dividing a sentence 'I gave my sister a sweater' into phrases like 'my sister' and 'a sweater'.

Knowing that the subject 'I' comes before the verb 'gave'.

Recognizing that 'a sweater' is the direct object within the sentence 'I gave him a sweater'.

The change from 'give' to 'gave' to indicate past time.

Lexical meaning

Semantic field

Grammatical category

Lexico-grammatical meaning