Specifier, connected only with a single word or phrase.

Parenthetic part of the sentence or sentence-word.

Attribute, revealing various shades of certainty or probability.

Simple predicate, revealing grammatical modality.

To separate the noun group with its attribute from other parts of the sentence (syntactic function).

To serve as the index of the noun as a part of speech (e.g., comparing rich to the rich).

To point out the generalization or specification of some notion (semantic function).

To denote whether the speaker is sure about the contents of the utterance.

It is entirely independent of grammar and lexis.

It helps determine the meaning of content words like 'sweater' and 'sister'.

It is concerned only with the distinction between countable and uncountable nouns.

It is connected to grammar and can influence the interpretation of sentences (e.g., through stress).

The English article mainly functions to separate clauses from one another.

The English article is altogether unchangeable and does not have any of these grammatical categories.

The English article only has right-hand combinability with verbs.

The English article is homonymous with prepositions and conjunctions.

The usage of special prepositions (e.g., till).

Its homonymy with adverbs and conjunctions.

The use of composite prepositions (e.g., instead of).

Preposition stranding.

It is represented by the pure base of the word without endings (the “zero ending”).

It is expressed by the single ending -s.

 It is marked by the preposition of.

It is expressed by the ending -es or a change in the root vowel.

As a particle; it serves to oppose all infinitives to all non-infinitives.

As a word-morpheme and group-morpheme; it can represent the whole analytical word.

As a grammatical morpheme; it forms tense opposemes, similar to the suffix -ed.

As a group-morpheme; it cannot be separated from the rest of the analytical word by other words.

By means of suppletivity, using entirely different word stems.

By the opposition of the zero morpheme in ten and the -th morpheme in tenth.

By the use of the definite article the with the cardinal form.

By combining two separate root numerals.

After verbs of mental perception, such as to think and to know.

When used as the subject of a sentence, such as To land seemed impossible.

After all modal verbs, including ought and have.

After verbs of physical perception (to see, to hear, to watch), to make, and to let.

It names feelings and will determination while functioning as a parenthetical element.

It possesses grammatical categories and typical stem-building elements.

It expresses emotions or will without naming them and has practically negative combinability.

It has a lexico-grammatical meaning of "modality" and reveals the speaker's attitude.