Negative reinforcement

Illegal discrimination

Avoidance learning

Vicarious learning

A quid pro quo approach

A bona fide occupational qualification

The four-fifths rule

The McDonnell-Douglas theory

Someone who is a fashion designer and runs their own line of garments

Someone who works as a senior accountant at a private law firm

Someone who works as a bartender in a famous pub

Someone who is a truck driver and transports armaments to military bases

a hereditary substance-abuse problem that prevents people from being sober

a cognitive impairment that does not affect any major life activities

a record of having a mental or physical impairment that limits one or more major life activities

a problem related to obesity that limits the efficiency of people

It is used as the basis for establishing a prima facie case of disparate impact discrimination against an organization.

A business necessity cannot be used to claim a bona fide occupational qualification.

It is a practice that is important for the safe and efficient operation of a business.

A condition such as race or sex does not affect a person's ability to perform a job and therefore can never be used as a business necessity.

Being single

Being a woman

Being married

Having had an abortion

The Fair Labor Standards Act

Executive Order 11246

Executive Order 11478

The Wagner Act

HR managers helped create strategies that promoted ethnocentrism in the workplace.

HR managers developed strategies that ensured that any knowledge acquired was kept confidential among top executives.

HR managers were involved solely in scheduling working hours and disciplining problem employees.

HR managers helped identify the critical human resources that the firms would need in the future.

It permits an employer to make hiring decisions on the basis of sex for business necessities.

It justifies discrimination against applicants on the basis of customer or client preference.

It cannot be used by employers to discriminate against applicants on the basis of age.

It does not justify the use of legitimate practices to treat members of different groups differently.

blue-collar worker

ancillary worker

knowledge worker

free rider