Institutional crime (where the institution benefits) differs from organised crime (where the institution is itself criminal). Which classification best applies to the relationship between the municipalities and the water tanker mafias?

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Organised crime, because the mafias operate entirely outside and against the institution, while the municipality itself is not involved, only the municipal officials.

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Both are institutional crime because the municipality as an institution benefits through the kickbacks paid to officials, while this is the economic model applied by the mafia institutions to generate their income.

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Institutional crime, because the municipality as an institution benefits through the kickbacks paid to officials, while the mafias are guilty of organised crime.

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Neither category applies because the water tanker sector is a legitimate private industry and the municipality fulfils its social contract by delivering the services.

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Both are organised crime, because the mafia networks are criminal enterprises designed to extract value from the state and the municipality itself has been captured to become a vehicle for organised crime.

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Institutional crime (where the institution benefits) differs from organised crim...

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