Gloria is a 33-year-old artist. Volatile emotional reactions, distressing fluctuations and instability in self-image, relationships and mood characterise her style of functioning in the past 19 years. Interpersonal conflicts often lead to self-destructive behaviour. Maria, a 21-year-old administrative officer, has had many mild episodes of mood swings over the past 26 months. Her fluctuating mood disturbance involves numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms. Her functioning is moderately impaired. She has never experienced a hypomanic or major depressive episode. According to the DSM-5-TR classification system, Gloria’s abnormal behaviour could be classified as - - - - - and Maria’s abnormal behaviour as - - - - -.