The article states that the national government has a constitutional obligation to ensure all citizens have access to safe water, but “often deflects responsibility by claiming water delivery issues are purely local government problems”. According to institutional theory, which type of institutional pressure is being ignored by the national government when it fails to enforce its constitutional obligation?

Question

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Imitative pressure, because the government is copying the behaviour of other failing states.

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All three types of institutional pressure are being ignored equally.

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Coercive pressure from the Constitution as the supreme law, which explicitly obliges the national government to ensure water access.

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Normative pressure, because professional bodies are not requiring the government to comply.

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There is no institutional pressure on the national government because there are no private or other government institutions pressurising them to deliver on this obligation.

Crowdly

The article states that the national government has a constitutional obligation ...

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