Large amounts of the kipu virus must be cultured for both the recombinant antigen and DNA vaccines.

The recombinant antigen vaccine would contain the purified viral capsid protein while the DNA vaccine would contain DNA encoding the viral capsid protein.

The recombinant antigen vaccine requires cloning of the gene encoding the viral capsid protein that attaches to host sialic acid receptors, while the DNA vaccine does not.

The recombinant antigen vaccine and the DNA vaccine must be introduced directly into host cells in order to induce a protective immune response.