Ways of knowing require formal university education and professional credentials to establish expertise and authority within knowledge systems

Ways of knowing recognise that knowledge is contributed to socially as a collective, occurring through processes including listening, sensing, viewing, observing, exchanging, and sharing

Ways of knowing are assessed through standardised testing protocols and peer-review processes that validate research findings according to academic standards

Ways of knowing prioritise written documentation and archival records as the primary sources of legitimate and authoritative knowledge transmission