Responding with counter-arguments

Active listening.

Staying to the own point of view.

Giving up the own point of view.

During flight operations it is limited to the exchange of information with ATC (read-back)

During flight operations it is advised to take place only if time permits or when in cruise

flight.

It supports clarity of information transfer and a better social climate among crew

members.

It is a clear indication of an inappropriate authority gradient between the Commander and

Co-Pilot.

SOPs for emergency situations must be followed by the crew, as they help to ensure a safe out come, though flight crew can modify SOPs for normal situations. if so agreed during the pre-flight briefing.

SOPs are an effective aid to decision-making for the flight crew, reducing their workload and reducing the probability of taking poor decisions and making errors.

A well-trained pilot will follow SOPs without the need to employ cognitive resources in the decision-making process, thereby maintaining the workload at an optimum level.

SOPs are presented in written form as checklists and manuals, so pilots do NOT need to store in long-term memory the correct procedure for a given situation.

The ability to reach the most advantageous option from a number of choices.

The ability to analyse and memorise.

Creativity, innovation and adaptability.

The ability to analyse and compare.

better communication even if professionals are not from the same field

quick comprehension and simplified grammar

more precise grammar

longer attention span

errors in selecting an appropriate plan of action

decision-making errors

routine errors (slips)

behavioural errors

Take the appropriate action without considering the available options.

Avoid relying on checklists and standard operating procedures.

Be consciously aware of your actions and check that the appropriate actions have been executed.

Assume that the correct actions have been carried out without subsequently checking on the results.

immediately after waking up.

when body temperature is rising.

during high workload.

while performing a task recognised to be complex.