Is always more positive and encouraging than outcome feedback

Assigns a numerical grade to the learner's performance

Evaluates the approach and strategy the learner used, rather than the result

Focuses exclusively on what went wrong during the task

Stopping after a key moment and asking the learner "What just happened in your mind?"

Asking the learner to meditate before beginning a task

Pausing the lesson to review vocabulary from the previous week

Taking a break halfway through each coaching session

The speed at which new language structures are acquired

The ability to memorise large amounts of information quickly

Thinking about thinking — observing and evaluating one's own cognitive processes

A learning style preference for visual or auditory input

Receiving public praise from the teacher in front of classmates

Feeling connected to others, belonging, and mattering to someone

Competing with peers to establish one's standing in a group

Having a large social network of acquaintances