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Using a hash-based file organization
Increasing disk cache size
Using a smaller page size to reduce memory footprint
Prefetching and read-ahead strategies
USB 3.0
SATA
NVMe PCIe
SAS
The page ID of the next block
Actual tuple data
Number of total pages in the file
Record offsets within the page
9
8
7
6
Reduced disk seek time
Optimized analytical query performance
Better support for ACID transactions
Faster transactional updates
4
3
2
5
Heap files
B+ trees
Log-structured storage
Slotted-page format
It eliminates the need for any secondary indexes on the table.
It can significantly reduce I/O operations by keeping related data physically close together.
It does not affect the physical storage order of records in any way.
It always leads to faster point queries but can slow down range queries.
Uses an index to keep track of record locations
Uses a fixed-size block allocation strategy
Stores records in sorted order for efficient retrieval
Allocates pages dynamically and maintains a list of freepages
