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Higher rotational latency
Higher seek time
Limited write endurance
Lower transfer rates
By using fixed-length offsets
By reassembling logs in chronological order
By relying on row-wise partitioning techniques
By embedded record IDs
Registers
SSD
Main Memory
L3 Cache
B+ Trees-based file organization
Sorted Files
Hash-Based File organization
Heap Files
An index that is maintained without regard to the physical order of the underlying data.
An index constructed in a random order based on hash values.
An index that only indexes modified records and ignores static data.
An index where entries are stored in the same order as the data records, facilitating efficient range queries.
MRU leads to fewer I/O operations than LRU
LRU leads to fewer I/O operations than MRU
Both LRU and MRU lead to same number of I/O operations
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The clustering index determines the physical order, while the non-clustering index is maintained separately and may contain multiple pointers to the same record.
The clustering index is always implemented as a dense index, whereas the non-clustering index is always implemented as a sparse index.
Both indexes determine the physical order of the records in the table.
The non-clustering index always results in faster query performance than the clustering index.
