bio-psychological ability to process information in order to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture.

ability to solve problems and to have a vast knowledge base.

ability to adjust and to learn from experience.

skills and knowledge needed for success in life, according to one’s own definition of success and within one’s own socio-cultural context.

feel that they have control over their future.

believe that they can solve problems that arise in their lives.

have a fatalistic sense of a predetermined future.

 may experience less anxiety symptoms.

Findings on age-related changes in intelligence suggest that all older people tend to be slow when performing certain cognitive tasks.

Abilities related to fluid intelligence remain stable or rise until the 60s, whilst abilities to crystallised intelligence begin to decline by early midlife.

Intellectual change is multidirectional: some abilities may increase

while others may decline

All people show a decline in all mental abilities.

study complex issues in the development of humans.

compare the results of different age groups.

 answer questions on the continuity or discontinuity of behaviour

study the determinants of behaviour.

People begin forming their life stories in early adolescence and late adulthood, but have their roots in their first attachment relationships in infancy.

People create a life story that is an internalised narrative with a beginning, a middle and an anticipated ending. During middle and older adulthood, a major challenge is to integrate the different aspects of the self, while creating an appropriate and satisfying ending of the life story becomes increasingly important

People always create a life story with a happy ending.

The life story is created and stays the same throughout adulthood, even despite changes, and as the changing environment places new demands on them.

People who cohabit tend to be less conventional and less traditional family and religious values.

Marriages that involved cohabitation before the time have a greater likelihood of success.

Cohabitating unions tend to be more stable than marriages.

People who cohabit tend to be very committed to a long-term relationship.

fear of cowardice and humiliation.

fear of physical suffering.

fear of failing to achieve important goals.

fear of isolation and loneliness. 

Grief; bereavement; mourning

Bereavement; yearning; disorganisation

Yearning; disorganisation; bereavement

Bereavement; mourning; grief

depression. 

 work-family engagement.

self-assurance.

positive discrete emotions.

Self-doubt

Self-esteem

Locus of control

Popularity