Task-centred casework model

Generalist practice model

Functional model

Psychosocial model

Individual initiative

Participatory democracy

Individualisation

Respect for privacy.

Treat agreement as evidence that travel is already arranged.

Examine the logistical barrier before judging commitment.

Measure motivation through attendance alone.

Replace the goal without discussing the barrier.

Proceed because shared interest is sufficient justification.

Ask members to vote before discussing possible effects.

Assess consequences and alternatives with the group before acting.

Replace the campaign with individual counselling without consultation.

Appraisal support

Emotional support

Informational support

Instrumental support

As overlapping patterns rather than a certain prediction

As categories determined by members' ages

As fixed steps completed at identical speeds

As administrative phases unrelated to interaction

Priority for those already able to access services

Distribution according to political influence

Equal service charges regardless of exclusion

Fair distribution of resources, rights and opportunities

Working stage

Initial stage

Ending stage

Transition stage

Guiding integrated developmental welfare services

Separating social planning from economic planning

Replacing community services with institutional care

Restricting welfare provision to specialist agencies

Provide a longer directory without reviewing referral suitability.

Merge every agency's function into one profession

Agree on prompt, appropriate referral procedures and responsibilities.

Ask the client to choose a department without information.