They can interact and reinforce socio-economic vulnerability.

They affect identical groups in exactly the same way.

They fall outside the scope of developmental social welfare.

They can be resolved through one universal intervention.

Policy evaluation

Information gathering

Policy implementation

Development of formal structured groups

It may address immediate need without changing conditions contributing to recurring need.

It requires substantial universal public expenditure.

It places excessive emphasis on universal prevention.

It gives service users excessive control over welfare planning.

Residual

Developmental

Philanthropic

Institutional

Excessive statutory intervention reduces participation.

Intersectoral coordination makes implementation difficult.

Dependence on donor resources can undermine sustainability.

Universal provision requires substantial state capacity.

It prescribes one identical service for every community.

It replaces the need for programmes and services.

It operates only after programmes have been evaluated.

It provides broad direction within which more specific interventions can be developed.

Income support should be replaced by employment programmes whenever unemployment is present.

Social assistance is appropriate only when households have no potential source of employment.

Poverty and unemployment require separate policy responses because they arise from different causes.

Responding to poverty may require both immediate income support and measures addressing longer-term socio-economic barriers.

Whether the target population was originally identified

Whether the number of stakeholders involved in policy development should be reduced

Whether the policy had previously received formal approval

Factors that may explain why the intervention did not achieve its intended outcomes