Voluntary provision may be vulnerable to fluctuations in donor resources.

Voluntary giving prevents communities from participating in welfare provision.

Philanthropy requires government to provide universal services.

Philanthropic services necessarily create long-term dependency.

Democratic welfare policy retained the main principles of apartheid welfare provision.

Welfare provision has changed in response to broader social and political conditions.

Formal welfare gradually replaced the need for family and community support.

Developmental welfare restored the welfare arrangements that existed before colonisation.

Reconstruction and aftercare

Early intervention

Statutory intervention

Developmental and empowerment services

Prioritising economic growth over social protection

Addressing structural inequalities that restrict access to resources and opportunities

Limiting intervention to individuals who request assistance

Providing the same level of assistance to all households

Statutory protection

Residual relief

Charitable welfare

Developmental intervention

It removes the need to involve affected communities.

It gives one organisation authority over policymaking.

It allows different groups to coordinate their efforts around a shared concern.

It replaces the formal policy-development process.

Residual → Institutional → Developmental

Institutional → Residual → Developmental

Developmental → Institutional → Residual

Philanthropic → Developmental → Institutional

Identifying shared concerns and objectives around which the organisations can cooperate

Delaying collaboration until disagreements between organisations have been eliminated

Allowing the largest organisation to determine the coalition's priorities

Requiring participating organisations to adopt identical positions on all aspects of the issue