The knights used lances to fight their duels.

Read each passage and the statements that follow. Choose True or False according to the information in the passage.

The earliest forms of dueling was the clash of mounted knights armed with lances in medieval tournaments. These duels were often purely sporting affairs in which special nonlethal lances were used. They provided entertainment for the spectators and kept the knights in good condition for battle. In Elizabethan days, duels no longer took place on horseback, and the lance was exchanged for a sword and a dagger. The sword was held in the right hand and used for attacking, while the dagger was held in the left hand and used for defense. Dueling with swords as a means to decide a point of honor became obsolete with the invention of pistols. Pistols brought about a whole new set of rules and etiquette unique to that form of dueling.

A duel is a battle between armies of knights on horseback.

1. Protecting pearls properly can make them last for centuries. One of the reasons

a pearl loses its luster or cracks is due to the mineral constituent of the pearl

being dissolved by weak acids. There are  several kinds of acids that pearls may

come in contact with. The acidic nature of perspiration is one such acid. Much

of the cotton that pearls are wrapped in when not in use us treated with an acid.

Another kind of acid that damages pearls is found in many modern cosmetics.

Cosmetic seep into the string canal and may penétrate into the layers of the

pearl and cause deterioration. The best protection to give a pearl to ensure

its long life is having it cleaned and restrung at prescribed intervals.

Where in the passage does it state that sweating can cause damage to a Pearl?

There is no doubt that the phenomenon of road rage exists. In a recent survey, it

was found that nine out of ten drivers admit to having felt intense anger toward

other drivers at some time. Road rage seems to be on the increase, and this may

be due to the tree main factors. First, there are more cars today competing for road

space. People also are far more subject to time constrains. A person who must

meet a time deadline, but is caught in a tangle of traffic, may feel increasingly

frustrated. Son this stress may result in an outburst of road rage ranging

anywhere from pounding on the car horn to getting out of the car and attacking

some other driver.

A second factor may be with the car itself. Three major responses to stress,

which evolved in the brain long before thought, are fight, flight, or freeze. Of

these responses, only one, fight, is available to the driver suddenly caught

behind a dawdler in the fast lane.

Another factor may be that people are not as courteous as they used to be. A

person who is worried about clocking in at work, having the report ready for the

afternoon mail, and meeting the boss while sneaking in late seems to forget how

to be polite. Other drivers become the enemy and the car is the weapon.

Since cars are becoming a necessity, drivers should consider a plan of

action against road rage. A change in mental attitude is the first step. An attack

of road rage will not get a driver any farther down the highway, but could result

in a serious health problem. One could leave home earlier or make

arrangements with the boss to arrive between two fixed times, this could give

the driver a twenty- or thirty-minute leeway.

Where in the passage does the author define road rage?

4. The American suffragettes finally won their battle when the right to vote in

a democratic election was extended to women in 1919. Because of women´s

equal rights being harmed by discriminatory legislation, the Equal Rights

Amendment was introduced in 1923. This was a time when the feminist

symbolized a Young generation of women. They were carefree, exuberant, and

eager to break out traditional roles and enjoy personal Independence.

All this optimism came to an end during the Great Depression, an economic

crisis precipitated by a stock market crash in 1929. At the depth of the

Depression, over one- third of the labor force was unemployed. As men lost

their Jobs, resentment toward women and the Equal Right Amendment became

widespread. Laws were passed which restricted women´s rights. One such law

was the married-person´s clause. It prevented the civil service from hiring more

than one member of a family. This law left many women unemployed.

Following the same assumption that a man is the primary wage earner, many

school boards fired married women. Even women in positions of power

supported policies which worsened women´s conditions rather than improving

them.

At the same time that women were losing their rights, a propaganda

campaign by social workers and public figures effectively convinced women

that their responsibility was that of maintaining family morale. A strengthening

of belief in traditional roles followed.

Where in the passage does the author discuss a law that violated women´s equal rights?

Sun City, South Africa; Disney World; and Sentosa Island are examples of the

artificial, all – purpose holiday resort. These ¨tourism ghettoes,¨ as they are

referred to by seasoned travelers, isolate tourists from the real world and

provide instead a sanitized package of pleasures. However much they are

ridiculed and avoided by those looking for a cultural experience or seeking to

study local fauna, they have proved their worth to those who are

environmentally concerned with the welfare of the planet. Sun City, for

example, was built on what had been useless scrubland, but now provides a

haven for endangered or elusive wildlife. Unlike those resorts, such as beach

resorts which have destroyed the beauty of the area and put heavy burdens on

the infrastructure of coastal villages not designed for a large influx of people,

these resorts were carefully planned to accommodate large numbers of tourists.

Incorporated in this planning is the concern for the environment and for the

local inhabitants. An artificial resort can gather into one compact area the best

that the host country has to offer. Artificial lakes can attract birds which would

not normally be seen. Trees can be planted to provide homes for animals and

insects. Even species which have been wiped out in the wild could be

Where in the passage does the author describe the traditional resort?

Jazz is a black American musical form, born in the south in the aftermath of

slavery and the American Civil War. It is an amalgam of several sources:

military marches, black work-songs, and spirituals. African harmony, melody,

and rhythms mixed with European harmony are the main elements of this

musical style.

Jazz unlike other musical genres, is characterized by spontaneity and

flexibility. Consequently, it does not lend itself readily to being written down.

Within a musical structure which is arranged beforehand, the jazz musician is

free to create what is felt.

Since jazz lacks any academic formulas, its performers develop their

natural musical instinct. A player must have superb reflexes and considerable

skill in order to express an original choice of notes. The jazz musician has to

decide with lightning speed which notes to play, whether to play many or a few,

where to pause and for how long, and what to emphasize in order to engage the

listener.

Where in the passage does the author describe how jazz is different from other musical forms?

1. While the scene of colonial North America was one of complex cultural negotiation and explosive interactions among American Indians, Africans and Europeans, history books have portrayed the settlement of North America as a unilinear push of Europeans into a virgin land. Although primary documentation –government reports, travel accounts, trade journals, all written from a European perspective – is literally filled with observations concerning American Indian customs and beliefs,     history books are more interested in outlining battles.  Ethnohistorians, the scholars who blend anthropology´s insights with historical research to produce a cultural understanding of the past, have been making advances in understanding an American Indian perspective of European colonization.

The author mentions all of the following as sources of primary documentation EXCEPT

5. Margaret Mitchell wrote only one novel, Gone with the Wind.  It was published in 1936 and proved to be such a good success that Mitchell´s life was irrevocably altered.  She lost all her privacy and lamented this fact constantly until her death in 1949.  The novel, which has been translated into 28 Languages and has sold more copies than any other book except for the Bible, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1937.  Not long afterward, the movie produced by David O. Selznick had its premiere in Atlanta in 1939.  This movie holds the record of having been viewed more times than any other movie produced. Throughout her life, Mitchell denied that her main characters, Scarlett and Rhett or any of her other characters were biographical in any way.  She did have access to family correspondence dating from the 1850s to the 1880s, the time of the American Civil War.  It seems natural that a woman with Margaret Mitchell´s vivid imagination and historical awareness, and in possession of a collection of Family correspondence that documents such a volatile era as that of a civil war, could weave a story that still enthralls.

The author of the passage gives all the relevant dates about Mitchell EXCEPT the date of

3. Almost all sports and outdoor leisure activities carry real risks.  Swimmers are drowned, mountaineers fall, skiers are swept away by avalanches, and boxers are killed by a series of blows to the head.  A person´s skill or experience is no guarantee against disaster.  In fact, the better an athlete is, the greater the desire to break records or succeed in doing something that has never been done before.  The danger, which tests nerve, courage, and skill, is an essential element that adds thrill and enjoyment to the sport.  Although those who organize sports draw up their rules in a way to minimize the risk of injury and to ensure that medical assistance is readily available, no amount of caution can alter basic facts: that even the best-trained horse may panic; motorcycles give little protection in a crash; a hard-driven golf ball can go awry.

 According to the passage, all of the following are risks in sports EXCEPT