"The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts of society." This definition represents:

"A component that appears in every sufficient cause, so that without it the disease does not occur." In the causal pies model, this represents a:

On 1 July, a university clinic serving 1,200 students has 36 students with current anaemia (old and new cases). What is the point prevalence?

A town of 20,000 people had 300 existing cases of diabetes on 1 January. During the year, 100 new cases were diagnosed among the 19,700 people who were free of the disease at the start. What is the incidence rate?

Researchers enrolled 600 flour-mill workers and 900 office workers, all free of asthma, and followed them for 5 years. Asthma developed in 60 mill workers and 27 office workers. How is this study best classified?

Researchers compared the past smoking habits of 200 patients with lung cancer and 200 healthy people from the same hospital. Which design is this, and in which direction does it proceed?

A district usually records about 15 typhoid cases per month. This month, 140 cases are recorded, all in one village. Which term describes this best?

"The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems." This definition represents:

In one year, 250 patients developed disease X and 20 of them died. What is the case fatality rate?

A 45-year-old man feels well and has no complaints, but a workplace screening finds high blood pressure on repeat measurements. At which stage of the natural history of disease is he?