Increased expression of other tyrosine kinases

Altered expression of drug transporter proteins

The Bcr-Abl threonine residue in the kinase domain is mutated to an isoleucine (T315I) which blocks Glivec access to Bcr-Abl

Amplification of Bcr-Abl

reduced differentiation of granule cell precursors in the internal granular layer (IGL)

abnormal architecture of the Bergmann glial cells

an expansion of the granule cell precursors in the internal granular layer (IGL)

an increase in Purkinje cell number

The introduction of the Smoothened mutation SmoM2 in a mouse model is able to induce medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma

Patched is a positive regulator of hedgehog pathway signalling

The cilia is not required for regulation of the hedgehog signalling pathway

Smoothened (Smo) is an inhibitor of the Hedgehog signalling pathway

at an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma due to gain of function mutations in the PTCH gene

highly sensitive to UV-light induced DNA damage due to gain of function mutations

at an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma due to reduced Hedgehog signalling

at an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma due to loss of function mutations in the PTCH gene

Vemurafenib blocks MAPK signalling by wild-type B-RAF, B-RAF(V600E) mutant and p61 B-RAF (V600E) mutant to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of melanocytes

Vemurafenib blocks MAPK signalling by B-RAF(V600E) mutant, to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of melanocytes

Vemurafenib, dabrafenib and trametinib are non-competitive inhibitors of the kinase domain of B-RAF

Vemurafenib, dabrafenib and trametinib are reversible inhibitors of the kinase domain of B-RAF

CACCAG

CACCAA

GCAATC

GCAACC

Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Malignant melanoma

Malignant melanoma, Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma, Basal cell carcinoma, Malignant melanoma

Malignant melanoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Basal cell carcinoma

Melanin accumulates over the nucleus and absorbs UV light, thereby protecting the DNA

Melanin in vesicles surrounding the nucleus reflects UV light onto intracellular organelles 

Melanin accumulates within the nucleus and absorbs UV light, thereby protecting the DNA

Melanin accumulates in the nucleus and inhibits cell cycle proteins, halting the cell cycle and allowing DNA repair

is commonly lost in cancer cells, promoting apoptosis

eradicates diseased cells through promotion of cytochrome c release

is upregulated in cancer cells, inhibiting apoptosis

eradicates cancer cells through inhibition of Bak/Bax

Inactivation of Rb inhibits cell cycle and DNA synthesis

Inheritance of inactivated Rb results in cancer

Activation of one Rb allele results in cancer

Inactivation of both Rb alleles results in cancer