Crowdly

the kidney-body fluid mechanism

During head-out water immersion the production of urine increases because:

Cardiac baroreceptor firing decreases.

Water is absorbed through the skin.

Renal sympathetic nerve activity increases, leading to renin release.

Atrial natriuretic peptide is released from the heart.

Many people know they have hypertension, but their blood pressure is not well controlled.

What is a reason for this that CANNOT currently be corrected for?

fear of causing low blood pressure in elderly patients and increasing the risk of falls and fractures

combination therapy, appropriately taken, is ineffective

drug induced side effects

lack of regular blood pressure monitoring

In the carotid baroreceptor pathway nerves projecting from the nucleus tractus solitarius to the nucleus ambiguus release what neurotransmitter ...?

acetylcholine

gamma aminobutyric acid

excitatory amino acids

asparate

Which ONE of the following would produce the greatest increase in blood flow through any given blood vessel?

When the pressure difference between each end of the blood vessel is doubled

Doubling the length of vessel

Doubling blood viscosity

Halving the radius of the vessel

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons, arising from the intermediolateral cell column, at their terminals

Release acetylcholine that acts on nicotinic receptors

Release noradrenaline that acts on nicotinic receptors

Release noradrenaline that acts on β₁-adrenoreceptors

Release acetylcholine that acts on muscarinic receptors

Which of the following statements about the parasympathetic nervous system is correct?

Parasympathetic nerves innervate most blood vessels in the body and mediate vasodilatation.

The pre-ganglionic vagal neurones arise in the rostral ventrolateral medulla.

The major neurotransmitter in parasympathetic ganglia is the excitatory amino acid glutamate.

Relative to the sympathetic nervous system, the pre-ganglionic neurones of parasympathetic nerves are long and the post-ganglionic nerves are short.

The relationship between cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume is defined as:

Heart rate = cardiac output / stroke volume

Cardiac output = stroke volume / heart rate

Cardiac output = heart rate / stroke volume

Stroke volume = cardiac output X heart rate

The circulating level of which of the following hormones decreases during mild haemorrhage?

Angiotensin II.

Aldosterone

Atrial natriuretic peptide.

Vasopressin

What is the most common cause of a hemorrhagic stroke?

Aneurysm rupture

Arteriovenous malformation

Trauma

Hypertension