Increased urine formation

Increased glomerular filtration rate

Reduced fluid intake

Reduced salt excretion

Increased cardiac output

Decreased blood volume

Increased salt intake

Decreased urine output

Optimal blood pressure.

Mild hypertension

Normal blood pressure.

Malignant hypertension

vasopressin

gamma aminobutyric acid

angiotensin II

glutamate

Initial normal blood pressure but later hypertension in the recipient

Hypertension in the recipient

Normotension in the recipient

Initial hypertensive but later normal blood pressure in the recipient

low doses of multiple drugs are unlikely to be as effective as 2 standard doses of an angiotensin receptor blocker to reduce blood pressure

most patients reach target blood pressure with monotherapy

it is best to take a standard dose of a first-line antihypertensive medication, and to escalate the dose if blood pressure target is not achieved.

low dose combination therapy effectively lowers blood pressure and reduces unwanted side-effects

Bundle of His

Sinoatrial node

Rostral mediolateral medulla

Nucleus tractus solitarius

Acetylcholine, that acts on nicotinic receptors

Noradrenaline, that acts on adrenoreceptors

Noradrenaline, that acts on muscarinic receptors

Acetylcholine, that acts on muscarinic receptors

Decreases due to muscle contraction

Increases due to vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Increases due to pooling of blood

Decreases due to increased return of blood to the heart

increased urinary salt and water excretion

increased salt and water appetite

movement of fluid into the interstitial space

vasodilation