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BMS3031 - Molecular mechanisms of disease - S1 2026
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Female reproductive ageing is associated with a marked increase in meiotic errors, leading to chromosomal aneuploidy in oocytes. Proper chromosome segregation during meiosis depends on the maintenance of cohesion between chromatids over extended periods, a process that can become compromised with age. Separase and cohesin are required for effective chromosomal segregation.
Which mechanism best accounts for the increased
incidence of aneuploidy in oocytes from older females?
Oocyte quality and early embryonic development depend heavily on energy metabolism. Mitochondria are the primary source of ATP in oocytes and early embryos, supporting processes such as chromosome segregation, organelle reorganization, and fertilization.
Which pattern of mitochondrial function would
best explain why mitochondria are critical for oocyte competence and early embryonic
development?
Which statement best reflects the data shown below?
* 1-Mo = 1 month, 18-Mo = 18 months
Which statement best reflects the data shown below?
* 1-Mo = 1 month, 18-Mo = 18 months
The figure below shows the effect of age on the percentage of embryo transfers that result in live births for assisted reproduction transfers (ART) using fresh embryos from a woman’s own vs donor eggs. Which of the following conclusions can be made based on this data?
The figure below shows the relationship between fertility, maternal age & spontaneous abortion. Which of the following conclusions BEST fits with this data in the figure below?
The figure below shows the relationship between fertility, maternal age & spontaneous abortion. Which of the following conclusions BEST fits with this data in the figure below?
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with placental insufficiency and chronic hypoxia, which can increase oxidative stress and inflammation in the developing brain. Melatonin has been proposed as a neuroprotective intervention in this context. Researchers measure cerebral oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, and neuronal injury in FGR fetuses with and without melatonin treatment.
Which pattern of findings would most strongly
support the neuroprotective role of melatonin in FGR?
Chronic hypoxia associated with fetal growth restriction can increase oxidative stress and inflammation within the developing brain. Melatonin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has been investigated as a potential treatment to protect the fetal brain under these conditions.
Which outcome would most convincingly
demonstrate a neuroprotective effect of melatonin in growth-restricted fetuses?
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) often results from placental insufficiency, leading to hypoxia. In response, the fetus can redistribute blood flow through a phenomenon known as brain sparing.
In a study measuring blood flow in fetuses with
varying degrees of growth restriction, which pattern of findings would best
demonstrate brain sparing and illustrate its physiological trade-offs?