The tissue below is:

Several of the questions below will revise concepts from DEV2011. A background in tissue composition and structure is important as we move into the theme of Musculoskeletal System. In particular - you may like to review DEV2011 Lectures on Connective Tissues in Development.

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Watch the following video integrating histology of bone with anatomy. You will need to know several of these terms (eg epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis) as you move through the laboratories.

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A typical long bone has several features including the shaft, which is called the

Criteria 10

This question will be graded based on your responses to Criteria 1-7

Criteria 9

This question will be graded based on your responses to Criteria 1-7

Criteria 8

Have you confirmed that all of your responses to the questions in Criteria 1-7 align with the CHAE Entry Requirements, the Monash University Student Charter & the ProFESS Framework?

This question will be graded based on your responses to Criteria 1-7

Criteria 1

Professionalism is not simply about knowing the rules - it is about consistently translating values into professional behaviours.

Many values are considered essential to the healthcare and scientific professions.

• Identify two values that you believe are essential for the respectful and ethical treatment of human body donors. For each value, describe one behaviour that demonstrates this value in practice. Briefly explain how these behaviours align with the expectations of the CHAE and the Monash Student Code of Conduct, and how they contribute to your development as a professional through the ProFESS framework.

Expected response ~100 words

Criteria 2

James and Mary have an interest in how their son’s body is treated post-mortem, concerned that it may be mistreated by insensitive students. 

• Consider how an anatomy student is obligated to show respectful and ethical treatment of donors, and their surviving family members. Include in your discussion:

• If you think it is acceptable for images of Alex’s body or its tissues to be disseminated? To whom?

• What details of the donor body and what is being done to it, should be discussed outside of class contexts?

TRACHEA

The trachea (label 26) is a tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the left (label 29) and right (label 12) bronchi (and lungs), allowing the passage of air. You will learn more about this in Wk5 & 6.

The trachea has C-shaped rings. 

There are fifteen to twenty incomplete C-shaped tracheal rings of hyaline cartilage that reinforce the front and sides of the trachea to protect and maintain the airway (these are just visible in the specimen below).

The cartilaginous rings are incomplete posteriorly to allow the trachea to collapse slightly so that food can pass down the oesophagus (label 8). Thus there is a membranous wall at the back, without cartilage.

Circular bands of fibrous connective tissue join the tracheal rings together. 

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The trachea is lined with a layer of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The epithelium contains goblet cells, that produce mucins, the main component of mucus. Mucus sits on top of the ciliated cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles that the cilia then move upward where it can be either swallowed into the stomach or expelled as phlegm.

The oesophagus is lined by stratified squamous epithelium without keratin. The epithelium of the oesophagus has a relatively rapid turnover, and serves a protective function against the abrasive effects of food. Protection is conferred by the secretion of mucus from underlying glands.

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Additional resources:

Visit an@tomedia section trachea & main bronchi

Go to An@tomedia (or access via Monash Library), then navigate to:

'Launch An@tomedia' > Thorax > Systems > #16 Trachea & main bronchi (see image below)

Checklist to consider:

1. Visualise the C-shaped rings on anterior and posterior view
2. What prevents the trachea and main bronchi from collapsing on inspiration? Click on the links

The trachea contains in its layers/wall, which of the following:

THE DIAPHRAGM

The diaphragm is the primary muscle used in the process of inspiration, or inhalation. It is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle (and connective tissue) that is inserted into the lower ribs. Lying at the base of the thorax (chest), it separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm can clearly be seen separating the two cavities (label 16) in the coronal image below. It is a thin, skeletal muscle that can contract voluntarily. 

During inhalation the diaphragm contracts & flattens, increasing the space for the lungs to fill with air. During exhalation the diaphragm relaxes and its dome shape increases, decreasing the thoracic volume and thereby assisting the lungs to empty.

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These are seen below as:

• aorta (label 4)
• oesophagus (label 3)
• Inferior vena cava (label 10)

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See anterior view of the abdomen below: The oesophagus (label 7) and aorta (label 25) can be seen going through the diaphragm. The vena cava is seen on the right side as a hole in the diaphragm (label 10).

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Additional resources:

1. Watch the The Diaphragm gross-anatomy video in Acland's Anatomy

Navigate to Trunk > MSK structures of the Trunk > 3.2.6 Diaphragm (4:14min)

For access you need to be logged in to the library: go to https://guides.lib.monash.edu/mnhs/anatomy_resources then click on Aclands video atlas then type in "diaphragm" to the search bar (the video is the top result).

Checklist to consider:

1. Note the central tendon of the diaphragm
2. Observe the location of the 3 main holes in the diaphragm - the aortic opening, the eosophageal hiatus and vena caval foramen

You do NOT have to learn about the diaphragmatic attachments, muscles or crura.

The structures traversing the diaphragm include: