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Bahasa Inggris XII TKJ 1&3, XII RPL 1,2&4, XII PSPT 1&2
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BALI ISLAND Balinese culture is deeply rooted in Agama Hindu Dharma, a unique form of Hinduism that blends elements of ancestor worship, animism, and Buddhism, making Bali known as the "Island of the Gods." This spirituality influences every facet of daily life, where locals prepare and place colorful offerings called canang sari-small palm-leaf baskets filled with flowers, rice, incense, and sometimes biscuits or cigarettes-in homes, businesses, streets, and temples to express gratitude to the gods and maintain balance. The core philosophy of Tri Hita Karana promotes harmony among humans (pawongan), the divine (parhyangan), and nature (palemahan), seen in rituals like Tumpek Wariga for blessing plants and Tumpek Kandang for animals. Communities are structured around banjars (village councils) and subak (irrigation cooperatives), emphasizing gotong royong, or mutual cooperation, in tasks such as building temples or organizing ceremonies. Life-cycle rituals under Manusa Yadnya, including otonan (birthdays), tooth-filing to curb negative traits, and ngaben (cremations) to release the soul, mark key transitions and ensure spiritual purity. Balinese arts are vibrant and spiritually charged, featuring traditional dances like the graceful Legong performed by young girls, the dramatic Barong depicting good versus evil, and the rhythmic Kecak "monkey chant" based on the Ramayana epic, all accompanied by gamelan orchestras of gongs, metallophones, drums, and flutes that provide the island's sonic backdrop. Festivals occur frequently, including Nyepi (Day of Silence) for self-reflection with fasting and no activity, Galungan and Kuningan celebrating dharma's triumph over adharma with decorated penjor bamboo poles and ancestral honors, Melasti beach purifications, and odalan temple anniversaries filled with music, dance, and offerings. Etiquette emphasizes respect and modesty: greet with "Om Swastiastu" and prayer hands, use the right hand for exchanges (as the left is considered unclean), avoid pointing with fingers or feet, remove shoes before entering homes or temples, dress modestly (covering knees and shoulders in sacred sites), refrain from public displays of affection, and maintain composure to preserve social harmony and "face." Arts like wayang kulit shadow puppets and wood carvings further enrich cultural expression, often sold in markets like Ubud.Which philosophy guides Balinese culture to promote harmony among humans, the divine, and nature?
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Papua Island Papua Island, shared between Papua New Guinea to the east and Indonesia's Papua provinces to the west, boasts an extraordinary cultural tapestry shaped by its Melanesian peoples. In Papua New Guinea, home to over 800 languages and countless tribes, traditions emphasize communal festivals known as sing-sings, where participants don elaborate feather headdresses, grass skirts, body paint, and shell ornaments to perform rhythmic dances and songs that recount ancestral stories, mark rites of passage, and strengthen tribal alliances. Customs also include intricate Sepik River wood carvings depicting spirits and ancestors, as well as Malagan masks from New Ireland used in elaborate mortuary rituals to honor the deceased and ensure their spirits' peaceful transition. These practices reflect a deep connection to nature, spirituality, and social harmony, often involving pig feasts and exchange systems like the moka, where wealth is redistributed to maintain balance within communities. In the western half, West Papua under Indonesian administration hosts over 250 indigenous tribes with unique languages and customs rooted in animism and environmental stewardship. Traditional attire varies, with men in some groups wearing the koteka (penis gourd) made from gourds, and women adorning grass or fiber skirts alongside bead necklaces and feather accessories. The Asmat people are renowned for their bis poles-tall, carved memorials symbolizing ancestors-and shield carvings used in headhunting rituals of the past, now preserved as cultural art. The Dani tribe in the Baliem Valley upholds traditions like earth-oven cooking for feasts, mummification of revered leaders using smoke and herbs, and simulated tribal wars during festivals to resolve disputes peacefully. Across the island, customs highlight respect for elders, sustainable hunting and gathering, and vibrant oral histories passed through generations, blending isolation-forged uniqueness with shared Melanesian values of kinship and ritual.Which items are described as traditional attire in Papua New Guinea?
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Papua Island Papua Island, shared between Papua New Guinea to the east and Indonesia's Papua provinces to the west, boasts an extraordinary cultural tapestry shaped by its Melanesian peoples. In Papua New Guinea, home to over 800 languages and countless tribes, traditions emphasize communal festivals known as sing-sings, where participants don elaborate feather headdresses, grass skirts, body paint, and shell ornaments to perform rhythmic dances and songs that recount ancestral stories, mark rites of passage, and strengthen tribal alliances. Customs also include intricate Sepik River wood carvings depicting spirits and ancestors, as well as Malagan masks from New Ireland used in elaborate mortuary rituals to honor the deceased and ensure their spirits' peaceful transition. These practices reflect a deep connection to nature, spirituality, and social harmony, often involving pig feasts and exchange systems like the moka, where wealth is redistributed to maintain balance within communities. In the western half, West Papua under Indonesian administration hosts over 250 indigenous tribes with unique languages and customs rooted in animism and environmental stewardship. Traditional attire varies, with men in some groups wearing the koteka (penis gourd) made from gourds, and women adorning grass or fiber skirts alongside bead necklaces and feather accessories. The Asmat people are renowned for their bis poles-tall, carved memorials symbolizing ancestors-and shield carvings used in headhunting rituals of the past, now preserved as cultural art. The Dani tribe in the Baliem Valley upholds traditions like earth-oven cooking for feasts, mummification of revered leaders using smoke and herbs, and simulated tribal wars during festivals to resolve disputes peacefully. Across the island, customs highlight respect for elders, sustainable hunting and gathering, and vibrant oral histories passed through generations, blending isolation-forged uniqueness with shared Melanesian values of kinship and ritual.Which elements are shared across both sides of Papua Island according to the paragraphs?
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BALI ISLAND Balinese culture is deeply rooted in Agama Hindu Dharma, a unique form of Hinduism that blends elements of ancestor worship, animism, and Buddhism, making Bali known as the "Island of the Gods." This spirituality influences every facet of daily life, where locals prepare and place colorful offerings called canang sari-small palm-leaf baskets filled with flowers, rice, incense, and sometimes biscuits or cigarettes-in homes, businesses, streets, and temples to express gratitude to the gods and maintain balance. The core philosophy of Tri Hita Karana promotes harmony among humans (pawongan), the divine (parhyangan), and nature (palemahan), seen in rituals like Tumpek Wariga for blessing plants and Tumpek Kandang for animals. Communities are structured around banjars (village councils) and subak (irrigation cooperatives), emphasizing gotong royong, or mutual cooperation, in tasks such as building temples or organizing ceremonies. Life-cycle rituals under Manusa Yadnya, including otonan (birthdays), tooth-filing to curb negative traits, and ngaben (cremations) to release the soul, mark key transitions and ensure spiritual purity. Balinese arts are vibrant and spiritually charged, featuring traditional dances like the graceful Legong performed by young girls, the dramatic Barong depicting good versus evil, and the rhythmic Kecak "monkey chant" based on the Ramayana epic, all accompanied by gamelan orchestras of gongs, metallophones, drums, and flutes that provide the island's sonic backdrop. Festivals occur frequently, including Nyepi (Day of Silence) for self-reflection with fasting and no activity, Galungan and Kuningan celebrating dharma's triumph over adharma with decorated penjor bamboo poles and ancestral honors, Melasti beach purifications, and odalan temple anniversaries filled with music, dance, and offerings. Etiquette emphasizes respect and modesty: greet with "Om Swastiastu" and prayer hands, use the right hand for exchanges (as the left is considered unclean), avoid pointing with fingers or feet, remove shoes before entering homes or temples, dress modestly (covering knees and shoulders in sacred sites), refrain from public displays of affection, and maintain composure to preserve social harmony and "face." Arts like wayang kulit shadow puppets and wood carvings further enrich cultural expression, often sold in markets like Ubud.According to Balinese etiquette, why should one avoid using the left hand for giving or receiving items?
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Papua Island Papua Island, shared between Papua New Guinea to the east and Indonesia's Papua provinces to the west, boasts an extraordinary cultural tapestry shaped by its Melanesian peoples. In Papua New Guinea, home to over 800 languages and countless tribes, traditions emphasize communal festivals known as sing-sings, where participants don elaborate feather headdresses, grass skirts, body paint, and shell ornaments to perform rhythmic dances and songs that recount ancestral stories, mark rites of passage, and strengthen tribal alliances. Customs also include intricate Sepik River wood carvings depicting spirits and ancestors, as well as Malagan masks from New Ireland used in elaborate mortuary rituals to honor the deceased and ensure their spirits' peaceful transition. These practices reflect a deep connection to nature, spirituality, and social harmony, often involving pig feasts and exchange systems like the moka, where wealth is redistributed to maintain balance within communities. In the western half, West Papua under Indonesian administration hosts over 250 indigenous tribes with unique languages and customs rooted in animism and environmental stewardship. Traditional attire varies, with men in some groups wearing the koteka (penis gourd) made from gourds, and women adorning grass or fiber skirts alongside bead necklaces and feather accessories. The Asmat people are renowned for their bis poles-tall, carved memorials symbolizing ancestors-and shield carvings used in headhunting rituals of the past, now preserved as cultural art. The Dani tribe in the Baliem Valley upholds traditions like earth-oven cooking for feasts, mummification of revered leaders using smoke and herbs, and simulated tribal wars during festivals to resolve disputes peacefully. Across the island, customs highlight respect for elders, sustainable hunting and gathering, and vibrant oral histories passed through generations, blending isolation-forged uniqueness with shared Melanesian values of kinship and ritual.Which practices reflect a connection to nature and spirituality in West Papua?
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The Double-Edged Sword of Smart Home Technology In the last decade, smart home technology has transitioned from a futuristic concept into a mainstream reality for millions. Devices like smart speakers, automated lighting, and intelligent thermostats promise a future of unparalleled convenience, where daily routines are streamlined with a simple voice command or a tap on a smartphone. A single phrase like "Good morning" can trigger a sequence of actions: the lights gradually brighten, the coffee maker starts brewing, and your favorite news podcast begins to play. This level of automation undoubtedly simplifies life, allowing users to manage their homes more efficiently, even from miles away. However, this convenience comes with a significant price that is not listed on the price tag: privacy and security. At the core of every smart device is data. These devices are constantly listening, watching, and learning-collecting vast amounts of information about your habits, schedules, and personal preferences. While this data is often used to personalize your experience, it is also stored on company servers, making it a tempting target for hackers. A single security breach could provide a criminal with a detailed blueprint of your life, including when your home is empty. Furthermore, the interconnected nature of these devices creates a chain of potential vulnerabilities. If one device, such as a smart lock, has a security flaw, it could compromise the entire home network. The challenge for modern consumers, therefore, is to navigate this double-edged sword. To enjoy the clear benefits of an automated home, one must also be mindful and proactive in managing the associated risks, such as using strong passwords, regularly updating software, and being selective about which devices to trust. Balancing convenience with caution is the key to safely embracing the smart homes of the future.What are the two main contrasting aspects of smart home technology discussed in the text?
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The Double-Edged Sword of Smart Home Technology In the last decade, smart home technology has transitioned from a futuristic concept into a mainstream reality for millions. Devices like smart speakers, automated lighting, and intelligent thermostats promise a future of unparalleled convenience, where daily routines are streamlined with a simple voice command or a tap on a smartphone. A single phrase like "Good morning" can trigger a sequence of actions: the lights gradually brighten, the coffee maker starts brewing, and your favorite news podcast begins to play. This level of automation undoubtedly simplifies life, allowing users to manage their homes more efficiently, even from miles away. However, this convenience comes with a significant price that is not listed on the price tag: privacy and security. At the core of every smart device is data. These devices are constantly listening, watching, and learning-collecting vast amounts of information about your habits, schedules, and personal preferences. While this data is often used to personalize your experience, it is also stored on company servers, making it a tempting target for hackers. A single security breach could provide a criminal with a detailed blueprint of your life, including when your home is empty. Furthermore, the interconnected nature of these devices creates a chain of potential vulnerabilities. If one device, such as a smart lock, has a security flaw, it could compromise the entire home network. The challenge for modern consumers, therefore, is to navigate this double-edged sword. To enjoy the clear benefits of an automated home, one must also be mindful and proactive in managing the associated risks, such as using strong passwords, regularly updating software, and being selective about which devices to trust. Balancing convenience with caution is the key to safely embracing the smart homes of the future.Which of the following statements best support the author's concern about the "darker side" of smart homes? (Choose more than one answer)
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The Double-Edged Sword of Smart Home Technology In the last decade, smart home technology has transitioned from a futuristic concept into a mainstream reality for millions. Devices like smart speakers, automated lighting, and intelligent thermostats promise a future of unparalleled convenience, where daily routines are streamlined with a simple voice command or a tap on a smartphone. A single phrase like "Good morning" can trigger a sequence of actions: the lights gradually brighten, the coffee maker starts brewing, and your favorite news podcast begins to play. This level of automation undoubtedly simplifies life, allowing users to manage their homes more efficiently, even from miles away. However, this convenience comes with a significant price that is not listed on the price tag: privacy and security. At the core of every smart device is data. These devices are constantly listening, watching, and learning-collecting vast amounts of information about your habits, schedules, and personal preferences. While this data is often used to personalize your experience, it is also stored on company servers, making it a tempting target for hackers. A single security breach could provide a criminal with a detailed blueprint of your life, including when your home is empty. Furthermore, the interconnected nature of these devices creates a chain of potential vulnerabilities. If one device, such as a smart lock, has a security flaw, it could compromise the entire home network. The challenge for modern consumers, therefore, is to navigate this double-edged sword. To enjoy the clear benefits of an automated home, one must also be mindful and proactive in managing the associated risks, such as using strong passwords, regularly updating software, and being selective about which devices to trust. Balancing convenience with caution is the key to safely embracing the smart homes of the future.What is the author's primary purpose in writing this text?
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Plogging: A Fitness Craze with a Conscience Originating in Sweden, a new global trend known as "plogging" is transforming routine exercise into a powerful environmental action. The term is a blend of the Swedish verb plocka upp (to pick up) and jogga (to jog). The concept is simple yet impactful: while out for a run or walk, participants actively pick up litter they encounter along their path. This grassroots movement has gained international popularity because it offers a clear win-win: individuals can improve their physical health while simultaneously cleaning up their local communities. The fitness benefits of plogging extend beyond those of standard jogging. The act of regularly bending over, squatting to grab a piece of trash, and lunging for a stray bottle adds elements of strength training to a cardiovascular workout. These varied movements engage more muscle groups, including the core, legs, and arms, than a typical run does. Furthermore, many ploggers report a significant psychological boost. The satisfaction of contributing to a cleaner environment provides a sense of purpose and accomplishment that can make exercise more enjoyable and motivating From an environmental perspective, the impact is direct and tangible. Each piece of plastic, paper, or glass collected is one less item cluttering parks, streets, and beaches. This action directly prevents this waste from being washed into drains, rivers, and eventually the ocean, where it can harm wildlife and ecosystems. Plogging also serves as a visible form of advocacy; it raises public awareness about the scale of the litter problem and can inspire others to be more mindful of their waste. It turns a solitary activity into a collective statement for environmental responsibility.According to the text, what is "plogging"?
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The Enchanting Whispering Sands of Bromo
Nestled within the dramatic landscape of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East Java, Indonesia, lies a unique natural wonder known as the Lautan Pasir Berbisik, or the Whispering Sands. This vast sea of fine, grey volcanic sand stretches across the caldera floor, creating a surreal, almost lunar like environment that captivates every visitor. The name itself is not just a poetic label; it describes a genuine auditory phenomenon. When the wind sweeps across the vast expanse, it creates a soft, rustling sound, almost like a whisper, which gives the area its poetic name. This sound, combined with the stark, minimalist beauty of the landscape, evokes a profound sense of peace and solitude. Visitors often explore this magnificent terrain in a variety of ways. Many choose to traverse this sandy ocean on horseback, a method that adds a traditional and rustic feel to the experience. Others opt for renting a rugged jeep, which allows for a more extensive exploration of the caldera. The most magical time to visit is during sunrise. As the first light of dawn breaks over the crater rim, it casts long, dramatic shadows across the sand, and the air is crisp and cool. The view of the active Mount Bromo crater, with plumes of smoke gently rising into the sky, completes the unforgettable panorama. Beyond its stunning visual and auditory appeal, the Whispering Sands holds deep cultural significance. It is an integral part of the spiritual life of the local Tenggerese people, who have inhabited this region for centuries. The area serves as a pathway for the annual Yadnya Kasada festival, where offerings are made to the mountain gods at the crater's edge. This deep connection between nature and culture adds another layer of meaning to the landscape, transforming it from a mere tourist destination into a living heritage site. The Whispering Sands of Bromo is more than just a place to see; it's an experience that engages the senses and touches the soul.What is the main topic of the text?
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