casts

leukocytes

abnormally shaped hemolyzed red blood cells

bile acids

stridor.

rales.

wheezing.

orthopnea.

congenital deficiency of the pulmonary surfactant system

pneumosclerosis

disturbance of ventilation-perfusion relationships in the lungs

acute immune cell-mediated injury of alveolocapillary membrane, interstitial edema

Fixation of the ribs in the inspiratory position

Bronchospasm and increased mucous secretion

Airway obstructions and weak, dilated bronchial walls

Adhesions and fibrosis in the pleural membranes

Decreased heart rate and force of heart contractions

An acute chest pain induced by intensive exercises or stress 

Reduced organ-tissue perfusion

The inability of the heart to provide pumping in accordance with  metabolic demands of organs and tissues of the body

provide protein synthesis

provide energy for contraction of myofibrils

provide energy to maintain the integrity of cells and their structures

reduce oxygen consumption by cardiomyocytes

increased renin and aldosterone secretions.

fatigue and cold intolerance.

decreased erythropoietin secretion.

slow cardiac contractions.

disturbance of intraatrial conduction

change in the tone of the cardiac branches tr . sympathicus , associated with respiratory phases

decreased excitability of the sinoatrial node

change in the tone of the cardiac branches n. vagus , associated with the phases of breathing

hyperosmolar syndrome

histotoxic effect of ketoacidosis

substrate hypoxia of neurons

carbohydrate “starvation” of the myocardium