You are interested in the effect of farming income on health in developing countries. You begin your design by proving that rainfall has a causal effect on farming income, but not effect on health. What kind of research design are you aiming for?

Some researchers are interested in the impact of transportation on labour-market outcomes. They find data on everyone who lives near woodland in the United States. The compare those people whose cars were vandalised by bears last year, (and so have no cars) to people whose cars remained unaffected.

What kind of research design is this?

Variable X and Variable Y have a correlation of negative one. (-1). When we look at a person for whom Variable X is high, what would we normally expect for Variable Y?

You are designing an experiment to test if people make worse financial decisions when too warm. You gather two statistically identical groups. The first group is allowed to make financial decisions at room temperature. The second group is heated to 42 degree Celsius. In the context of experimental design, what is the second group called?

There is a strong positive correlation between education and income. What does that tell us about the effects of policy?

Is the following a causal question?

What is the impact of smoking on hair loss?

Is the following a causal question?

What is the association between rainfall and wetness?

We have a hypothesis about a population-mean. Is it possible to definitively falsify this hypothesis with sample-data from a sample of 500?

What measure do we use to predict the reliability of the sample-mean? (Click all that apply)

We have a hypothesis that all sheep are white. On an expedition to the countryside, we see one black sheep. What is the next scientific step?