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Spring 2025-11804-202510-PHI209-01 - Introduction to Logic
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The fallacy of amphiboly usually involves the ambiguous use of a single word.
The following is an example of the fallacy of _____:
"Taxpayer to judge: Your Honor, I admit that I declared thirteen children as dependents on my tax return, even though I have only two. But if you find me guilty of tax evasion,, my reputation will be ruined. I'll probably lose my job, my poor wife will not be able to have the operation that she desperately needs, and my kids will stare. Surely I am not guilty."The following can be best described as committing _____:
Emily has bought over 100 tickets on the weekly state lottery, and she has never won anything. Therefore, the likelihood increases every week that she will win something if she continues to buy tickets.
The fallacy of _____ is committed whenever the arguer creates the illusion that inadequate premises provide adequate support for the conclusion by leaving out a possibly false (shaky) key premise, by restating a possibly false premise as the conclusion, or by reasoning in a circle.
e.g. Murder is morally wrong. This being the case, it follows that abortion is morally wrong.
The fallacy of ____ is a defect in an argument in which
the conclusion depends upon an unlikely chain reaction. It implies that
an
extreme chain reaction will result from this one perceived bad action or policy, concluding that this action or policy should be stopped.
The fallacy of ____ is a defect in an argument in which
the conclusion depends on the fact that a word or phrase is used, either
implicitly or explicitly, in two different senses that are normally subtly
related.
If an arguer cites a statement by a recognized expert in support of a conclusion and the statement falls within the expert’s range of expertise, then the arguer commits an appeal to unqualified authority.
The fallacy of ____ occurs when the arguer misinterprets an ambiguous statement and then draws a conclusion based on this faulty interpretation. This happens because the statement may be understood in two different ways.
e.g. "Professor Johnson said that he will give a lecture about heart failure in the biology lecture hall. It must be the case that a number of heart failures have occurred there recently."
The following can be best described as committing _____.
George Clooney and Angelia Jolie give large sums of money to charitable causes every year. It must be the case that all movie stars give large amounts of money to charity every year.