They elicit lifelong immunity

They occasionally revert to virulent forms.

They require few or no booster immunizations.

They stimulate by cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.

Antibiotics suppress normal microbiota, allowing Candida to produce vasodilatory toxins

Lysis of gram-negative bacteria releases endotoxin, which triggers cytokine release and shock

The antibiotics stimulate excessive IL-10 production, increasing vasodilation.

Antibiotics cause destruction of gram-positive cell walls, releasing teichoic acids that trigger fever.

Tissue damage due to growth of the parasite on the tissues and waste products excreted by the parasite

Tissue damage due to growth of the parasite on the tissues

Products released from damaged tissues

Tissue damage due to growth of the parasite on the tissues, waste products excreted by the parasite, and products released from damaged tissues

140°C for 4 seconds

63°C for 30 minutes

72°C for 15 seconds

They are equivalent treatments

Hyperthermophile — optimum above 80°C

Psychrotroph — optimum around 25°C but capable of growing at refrigerator temperature

Psychrophile — optimum around 10°C

Mesophile — optimum around 37°C

It causes lysis of host cells.

Lytic cycle may follow lysogeny.

Prophage is inserted into the host genome.

It can give infected pathogens the genetic information for toxin production.

Is caused by interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha

Accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract

Stimulates T lymphocyte activity

Can be initiated by specific types of pathogens

The uncontrolled muscle contractions in Clostridium tetani infection

The hemolysis of red blood cells in a staphylococcal infection

The fever, nausea, and low blood pressure in a Salmonella infection

The invasion and lysis of intestinal cells by E. coli

Obligate anaerobe — strong growth just below the surface, minimal growth at bottom

Facultative anaerobe — heavy growth at top with lighter growth throughout the tube

Microaerophile — uniform growth from top to bottom

Aerotolerant anaerobe — growth only where oxygen concentration is lowest

Chemoautotroph

Chemoheterotroph

Photoheterotroph

Photoautotroph