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Natural killer cells are involved in the destruction of cancer cells.

Lymphocyte contains a nucleus with segments

The plasma cell has a specific chromatin arrangement in the nucleus and produces antibodies

We consider the main advantages of

liquid biopsy compared to conventional solid biopsy of tumor tissue to be:

Ability to capture the heterogeneity

of different metastatic foci in a single blood sample

Ability to determine a complex

picture of the tumor microenvironment

Minimal invasiveness of sampling and

the related possibility of repeated analyzes and monitoring of disease

development in almost real time

The ability to detect minimal

residual disease that may be present after primary tumor surgery with curative

intent

Under the term liquid biopsy we can

imagine an analysis of:

Conventional tumor biomarkers

Circulating non-coding RNAs

Circulating tumor cells

Circulating tumor DNA

The first example of a clinical

application of a liquid biopsy based on the detection of circulating tumor DNA

from peripheral blood was:

Determination of KRAS mutations in

colorectal cancer

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correct

Determination of predictive EGFR

mutations in lung cancer

Determination of HER2/neu expression

in breast cancer

Liquid biopsy can be used for the

following clinical purposes:

Determination of minimal residual

disease (MMR) after primary tumor surgery with curative intent and early

identification of possible recurrence

Refinement of the patient's

prognosis

Monitoring the development of the

disease and the response to treatment

Minimally invasive molecular

profiling of the tumor and search for possible therapeutic targets

Highly specific for a particular

cancer is:

Changes in blood counts (eg

increased sedimentation, leukocytosis)

Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA)

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)

Conventional tumor biomarkers (eg

CEA, CA19-9)

Disadvantages of liquid biopsy compared to
conventional solid tumor tissue biopsy include:

Difficult determination of some

important predictive biomarkers (eg increased HER2/neu expression in breast

cancer)

Impossibility to detect complex

relationships of tumor tissue and its immediate surroundings (tumor

microenvironment)

From the patient's perspective,

the need for more burdensome medical intervention

More difficult validation and

standardization of various methodological procedures

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is

released into the peripheral blood in the course of:

Tumor cell necrosis

Tumor cell apoptosis

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correct

še uvedených odpovědí není

správná

Active secretion from a living tumor

cell

Circulating tumor cells can be

identified in peripheral blood based on:

Surface antigens (eg EpCAM

positivity and at the same time CD45 negativity)

Molecular genetic markers (eg

aneuploidy)

Physical properties (eg size)

Appearance under a classic

microscope

As input biological material for

liquid biopsy we can use:

Urine

Pleural effusion

Cerebrospinal fluid

Peripheral venous blood