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A 70 year old man presents to his physician with dyspnea and expiratory wheezes. He is a smoker for 30 years; he smokes 30 cigarettes per day. His pulmonary function tests report shows FEV1/FVC 0.47 with FEV1 of 40% that increased by 1% only after bronchodilator intake.What is the single most likely ventilatory impairment of this diagnosis?
A 50 year old woman is brought to the Emergency Department with severe bleeding. Her blood pressure is 70/45 mmHg. The physician orders immediate blood transfusion and explains to the resident doctor that her stroke volume is probably markedly decreased.What is the single most likely explanation of this decrease in stroke volume?
An 18-months infant is diagnosed with a clinically significant atrial septal defect (ASD). Which structure’s incomplete closure leads to ASD?
An athlete has just finished a marathon run.What is the single most likely expected effect on his cerebral and skeletal muscle arterioles?
A 70 year old man is brought to the Emergency Department with repeated attacks of dizziness . The physician asks for ECG. What is the single most likely diagnosis?
A student is studying the changes in the ventricular pressure during the rapid and reduced filling phases of the cardiac cycle.What are the most likely pressure changes observed ?
A 30 year old man is breathing quietly while watching a TV show.What is the single most likely drive of rate and depth of his breathing?
In an embryology lecture, a professor discusses the early development of the respiratory system. He explains that a specific factor is secreted by the cardiac mesoderm. What is the most likely specific factor responsible for the formation of the lung primordium?
A 28-year-old woman, presents to the emergency department with a productive cough, fever, and dyspnea. Upon examination, her doctor suspects she may have pneumonia, her chest X-ray reveals an area of consolidation located below the horizontal fissure. Which lobe of the lung is most likely inflamed ?
A 58-year-old smoker man presents with acute chest pain, radiating to the left shoulder. He is diagnosed with myocardial infarction affecting the diaphragmatic surface of both right and left ventricles. Which specific artery is most likely occluded?