A 60 year old  cardiac patient has irregular heartbeats.

A 50 year old asthmatic, man is referred to the pulmonologist for assessment of his lung volumes and capacity. His VC = 4200 ml, tidal volume 450 ml and inspiratory capacity is 2950 ml.

A 54 year old man has tachycardia and dyspnea, the cardiologist examines his heart.

Where is the single best spot on this man’s chest to auscultate the mitral valve of the heart ?

A 12 year old boy is brought to the emergency department with severe difficulty in breathing after accidental inhalation of a piece of meat.

Which is the most likely expected ventilation perfusion ratio of the affected lung area?

A 35 years old women having fever,chest pain and rapid breathing. The physician demised breathing sound on auscultation of the right infraclavicular region and ask for X-ray of the chest. From the given chest X-ray which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A six-week-old male baby is referred to pediatrician for evaluation of an abnormal “HbF only” result on newborn hemoglobinopathy screening.  The infant appears healthy, but repeat hemoglobin electrophoresis confirms HbF only. What is the most likely diagnosis of this baby’s condition?

Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve is an important tool to assess the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen.  

In which particular setting does normal adult hemoglobin HbA have a decreased affinity for oxygen?

A 35 year old man who is smoking heavily for 15 years, is diagnosed with emphysema.

What’s the most likely effect of his disease on gas diffusion and why?

A scientist is doing a research on O2 movement across the respiratory membrane of Albino rats.

Which factor has the minimal effect on the studied gas diffusion?

A 50-year-old woman comes to family physician with extreme sweating that occurs even in cool conditions. Her symptoms worsen during periods of stress or anxiety.

Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in activating her sweat glands?