In the thymus due to antigen presentation by thymic medullary epithelial cells

In the skin in response to cytokines

In the infected tissues in response to antigen presentation by macrophages and neutrophils

In the spleen after cytokine exposure and platelet activation

In secondary lymphoid organs in response to antigen presentation by dendritic cells

Consumption of IL-7 by CD25

Secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as TGF-𝛽, IL-10, and IL-35

Secretion of IFN-beta and IFN-gamma

Expression of CD4

The proteasome activation

NKT cells can produce various cytokines, influencing other immune cells' function

NKT cells play a crucial role in the innate immune response

NKT cells can only be activated by specific peptide antigens

TCR of NKT cells bind to CD1d molecules

 NKT cells are a type of T cell that recognizes lipid antigens

Light chain region

Fab region

Heavy chain region

Fc region

TAP operates by utilizing ATP hydrolysis to facilitate the translocation of peptides across the ER membrane

Defects in TAP can lead to a reduced ability of cells to present endogenous antigens, potentially resulting in immune deficiencies

TAP is specifically involved in the transport of peptides derived solely from extracellular sources

TAP consists of two subunits, TAP1 and TAP2, which form a heterodimer to function effectively in peptide transport

TAP is responsible for transporting cytosolic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for loading onto MHC I molecules

HLA-DM molecule on the cell surface of T cells

Activation of the endocytic pathway

Activation of MMPs

Activation of Fas

CTLA-4, as it competes with CD28 for binding to CD80/CD86

Neutrophils

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

T helper cells (Th cells)

T regulatory cells (T reg cells)

B cells

Activated neutrophils release the contents of their granules into the cytosol

In general, classical monocytes, marked as CD14brightCD16-, known as the inflammatory subset, are precursors of neutrophils

Neutrophils exhibit elevated levels of CD40L on their cell surface

PD-1 is expressed on the cell surface of neutrophils

Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) exist and are pro-tumorigenic

T-independent activation is crucial for responses against protein antigens, while T-dependent activation is for polysaccharide antigens.

T-dependent activation typically leads to isotype switching and affinity maturation, producing high-affinity antibodies, whereas T-independent activation often results in limited isotype switching and lower-affinity IgM antibodies

Both pathways primarily generate IgG antibodies with high affinity for protein antigens.

T-dependent activation is characterized by the absence of memory B cell formation, unlike T-independent activation.

T-independent activation requires co-stimulation from CD4+ T cells, while T-dependent activation does not.

Because anti-PD-1 binds to CD4

Tumors may evade T cell-mediated killing by expressing CD80 and CD86

Tumors may evade T cell-mediated killing by expressing PD-L1

Treatment with anti-PD-1 in cancer patients will reduce T cell numbers

The cancer patients who show benefits from anti-PD-1 treatment are primarily those with B cell lymphomas