T cells that strongly bind to self-antigens are allowed to survive

Immature T cells encounter self-antigens presented on MHC in the thymus

Immature T cells that do not recognize self-MHC molecules are released to the periphery

Immature T cells encounter pathogen-derived peptides in the thymus

Thymic T cell maturation persists at a high level throughout life in the periphery

Autoantibodies binding to the IL-5 cytokine receptor

Autoantibodies binding to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH)

Autoantibodies binding to the CXCXR2b chemokine receptor

Autoantibodies binding to the MHC class II peptide receptor

Autoantibodies binding to specific cortisol receptors

CD3

CD20

CCR7

CCL21

MHC I

T cells isolated from the patient (or allogeneic donor) are genetically modified to express MHC, expanded, and infused back into the patient

CAR T cells must possess inhibitory receptors

CARs bind to the MHC II molecule of the target cell

CAR functions as a normal T cell receptor

Bypass MHC restriction, as tumor cells often downregulate MHC molecules

Licensed NK cells recognize HLA-DM molecules, since the inhibitory receptor binds to HLA-DM

The self-specific receptor of NK cells, such as KIR, must interact with self-MHC I molecules from the target cell to be functional; these are known as licensed NK cells

Generally, NK cells do not possess an activating receptor, which restricts the effectiveness of immunotherapy

Both licensed and unlicensed NK cells do not recognize MHC I

NK cells cannot eliminate cancer cells because these cells do not release perforin and granzyme B after activation

Initiating a slow but specific immune response  

Providing a rapid and non-specific defense mechanism  

Activating selective effector T cells to target infected cells  

Producing antibodies in response to a specific pathogen  

Creating immunological memory against past infections  

The Fc region of antibodies has an affinity for lipid molecules found on T lymphocytes

Antibodies are exclusively synthesized in the spleen

Antibodies play a crucial role in mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Antibodies bind to Fab receptors on phagocytes and promote phagocytosis

Dendritic cells are the primary source of antibody secretion

Extracellular staining for MHC I

Intracellular staining with propidium iodide

 Extracellular staining for CD4 and CD8 molecules

Extracellular staining for only CD4 molecules

Extracellular staining for only CD8 molecules

TCR signaling requires the presence of co-receptors, such as CD4 or CD8, to amplify the activation signal

The TCR can recognize free-floating antigens in the bloodstream without the requirement for antigen presentation by MHC

TCRs consist of an alpha and a beta chain in the majority of T cells, forming the classic TCR structure

Each T cell expresses a unique TCR, allowing for a diverse repertoire capable of recognizing a wide variety of antigenic peptides

TCRs are responsible for recognizing and binding to specific antigens presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells

Lamina propria receptor

 MHC

Acetylcholine receptor

Chemokine receptor

Cortisol receptor