translation, DNA polymerase

transcription, RNA polymerase

transcription, DNA polymerase

translation, RNA polymerase

5′-AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT-3′

5′-TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG-3′

3′-AAA-AAT-ATA-ACA-5′

3′-AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA-5′

Annealing  >  Elongation  >  Denaturation

Denaturation  >  Elongation  >  Annealing

Elongation  >  Denaturation  >  Annealing

Denaturation  >  Annealing  >  Elongation

Annealing  >  Denaturation  >  Elongation

To determine if a DNA sequence contains a single nucleotide polymorphism

To separate DNA fragments on the basis of their charge

To determine the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA fragment

To amplify several DNA fragments at once

To separate DNA fragments on the basis of their size

To remove any mutations in the genes

Before amplification, DNA fragments are likely to bind to RNA and would no longer be able to be analysed

A gene may represent only a millionth of the cell's DNA

To remove the negative charge on the DNA, to enable them to be analysed

To make seeing the nucleotide sequence easier

It allows you to determine sizes of unknown DNA fragments using comparison techniques

To determine whether the pores in your gel are big enough to let all DNA sizes through

To ensure all wells in the gel are full so that you can run it

To practice loading the DNA into the well before you load your PCR product

So you know how long the gel needs to run for

10

4

3

6

5

Forward and reverse primers

RNA polymerase

DNA template

DNA nucleotides (dNTPS)

Buffer

By hydrolysis

Using the enzyme ligase

Using the enzyme helicase

Using the energy stored in ATP

By bonding of an RNA primer to each DNA strand

Only tiny amounts are needed for each cycle of PCR

It is heat stable and can withstand the denaturation step of PCR

It has regions that are complementary to the primers

It binds more readily than other polymerases to the primers

It can separate DNA strands before elongating them