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uBisi Dairies (Pty) Ltd is a South African organic dairy processor based in KwaZulu-Natal. The company purchases raw organic milk from local farmers and processes the milk through a joint manufacturing process. Joint costs are allocated to the joint products using the physical measures method (litres).
uBisi uses the absorption costing system and values inventories using the FIFO method. uBisi has a 31 March financial year-end and budgeted to operate for 28 days during February 2026.
Production process
Raw milk is received, tested, chilled and pasteurised. During separation, the process yields three separately identifiable outputs at the split-off point:
Extract from the budget information for the month of February 2026
Details | Notes | Amount |
Joint Production cost |
|
|
· Raw Milk |
| R10,50 per litre |
· Direct Labour |
| R5,10 per litre |
· Production overheads |
| R2,90 per litre |
Further processing costs | 1.2 | ? |
Packaging costs | 1.3 | ? |
Selling Prices | 1.3 | ? |
Variable Selling costs | 1.3 | ? |
Additional information
1.1 The plant budgeted to process 80 000 litres of raw milk a day. The standard yield of the joint
process is that each litre of raw milk produces one litre of finished dairy product at the split-off point, distributed as follows:
· 55% Full cream milk (FCM)
· 40% Low-Fat Milk (LFM)
· 5% Cream (CRM)
1.2 After the split-off point, Full-Cream Milk and Low-Fat Milk require further processing. Full-Cream
Milk requires 4 machine minutes per litre, and Low-Fat Milk requires 3 machine minutes per litre. Machine processing costs amount to R140 per machine hour. Cream does not require any further processing.
1.3 Selling price and other costs
Detail | FCM R | LFM R | CRM R |
Budgeted selling price | 45,00 | 40,00 | 28,00 |
Packaging cost | 0,70 | 0,65 | 0,50 |
Variable selling and distribution | 1,20 | 1,10 | 0,80 |
The total joint costs allocated to the joint products for the month ended 28 February 2026 as reflected in the budgeted income statement would be_______.
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uBisi Dairies (Pty) Ltd is a South African organic dairy processor based in KwaZulu-Natal. The company purchases raw organic milk from local farmers and processes the milk through a joint manufacturing process. Joint costs are allocated to the joint products using the
uBisi uses the absorption costing system and values inventories using the FIFO method. uBisi has a 31 March financial year-end and budgeted to operate for
Production process
Raw milk is received, tested, chilled and pasteurised. During separation, the process yields three separately identifiable outputs at the split-off point:
Cream (CRM) (incidental to the
process)
Extract from the budget information for the month of February 2026
Details
|
Notes
|
Amount
|
Joint Production cost
|
|
|
· Raw Milk
|
|
R10,50 per litre
|
· Direct Labour
|
|
R5,10 per litre
|
· Production overheads
|
|
R2,90 per litre
|
Further processing costs
|
1.2
|
?
|
Packaging costs
|
1.3
|
?
|
Selling Prices
|
1.3
|
?
|
Variable Selling costs
|
1.3
|
?
|
Additional information
1.1 The plant budgeted to process 80 000 litres of raw milk a day. The standard yield
process is that each litre of raw milk produces one litre of finished dairy product at the split-off point, distributed as follows:
· 55% Full cream milk (FCM)
· 40% Low-Fat Milk (LFM)
· 5% Cream (CRM)
1.2 After the split-off point, Full-Cream Milk and Low-Fat Milk require further processing. Full-Cream
Milk requires 4 machine minutes per litre, and Low-Fat Milk requires 3 machine minutes per litre. Machine processing costs amount to R140 per machine hour. Cream does not require any further processing.
1.3 Selling price and other costs
Detail
|
FCM
R
|
LFM
R
|
CRM
R
|
Budgeted selling price
|
45,00
|
40,00
|
28,00
|
Packaging cost
|
0,70
|
0,65
|
0,50
|
Variable selling and distribution
|
1,20
|
1,10
|
0,80
|
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uBisi’s budgeted statement of profit or loss (income statement) for the month ended _________ .
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MedTech Ubuntu (MDU) is a South African medical technology manufacturer producing portable diagnostic screening devices used in rural clinics and public hospitals across Sub-Saharan Africa.
At the 2026 strategic planning meeting, the Marketing Director of MDU expressed concern about the reported profitability of the VitaScan Pro product line. She questioned whether the current method of allocating fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) fairly reflects the actual consumption of resources by each product.
She stated:
“HealthLite monitors are produced in much higher volumes than VitaScan Pro. It does not seem reasonable that VitaScan Pro absorbs such a large portion of fixed overheads when HealthLite is manufactured in far greater quantities.”
The management accountant then recommended a review of the costing system. You were consulted as an expert in -Based Costing (ABC) to reassess how fixed manufacturing overheads should be allocated.
Production Plan for 2026
· VitaScan Pro units produced: 24 000
· HealthLite monitor units produced: 48 000
· Total budgeted fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO): R12 600 000
An analysis of the underlying activities for the upcoming 2026 financial year identified the following relationships between the total budgeted FMO of R12 600 000
Activity
|
VitaScan Pro
|
HealthLite
|
Total Allocation of FMO
R
|
Precision assembly and calibration
|
7minutes per unit
|
3 minutes per unit
|
5 670 000
|
Equipment reconfiguration and system adjustments
|
1 setup per
1 500 units
|
1 setup per 2500 units
|
3 780 000
|
Regulatory compliance and clinical validation testing
|
1 validation test on every 5th unit manufactured
|
1 validation test on every 8th unit manufactured
|
3 150 000
|
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Using ABC, the rate relating to Regulatory compliance and clinical validation testing
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MedTech Ubuntu (MDU) is a South African medical technology manufacturer producing portable diagnostic screening devices used in rural clinics and public hospitals across Sub-Saharan Africa.
At the 2026 strategic planning meeting, the Marketing Director of MDU expressed concern about the reported profitability of the VitaScan Pro product line. She questioned whether the current method of allocating fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) fairly reflects the actual consumption of resources by each product.
She stated:
“HealthLite monitors are produced in much higher volumes than VitaScan Pro. It does not seem reasonable that VitaScan Pro absorbs such a large portion of fixed overheads when HealthLite is manufactured in far greater quantities.”
The management accountant then recommended a review of the costing system. You were consulted as an expert in -Based Costing (ABC) to reassess how fixed manufacturing overheads should be allocated.
Production Plan for 2026
· VitaScan Pro units produced: 24 000
· HealthLite monitor units produced: 48 000
· Total budgeted fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO): R12 600 000
An analysis of the underlying activities for the upcoming 2026 financial year identified the following relationships between the total budgeted FMO of R12 600 000
Activity
|
VitaScan Pro
|
HealthLite
|
Total Allocation of FMO
R
|
Precision assembly and calibration
|
7minutes per unit
|
3 minutes per unit
|
5 670 000
|
Equipment reconfiguration and system adjustments
|
1 setup per
1 500 units
|
1 setup per 2500 units
|
3 780 000
|
Regulatory compliance and clinical validation testing
|
1 validation test on every 5th unit manufactured
|
1 validation test on every 8th unit manufactured
|
3 150 000
|
The number of equipment reconfiguration and system adjustments allocated to VitaScan Pro is _________.
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MedTech Ubuntu (MDU) is a South African medical technology manufacturer producing portable diagnostic screening devices used in rural clinics and public hospitals across Sub-Saharan Africa.
At the 2026 strategic planning meeting, the Marketing Director of MDU expressed concern about the reported profitability of the VitaScan Pro product line. She questioned whether the current method of allocating fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) fairly reflects the actual consumption of resources by each product.
She stated:
“HealthLite monitors are produced in much higher volumes than VitaScan Pro. It does not seem reasonable that VitaScan Pro absorbs such a large portion of fixed overheads when HealthLite is manufactured in far greater quantities.”
The management accountant then recommended a review of the costing system. You were consulted as an expert in -Based Costing (ABC) to reassess how fixed manufacturing overheads should be allocated.
Production Plan for 2026
· VitaScan Pro units produced: 24 000
· HealthLite monitor units produced: 48 000
· Total budgeted fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO): R12 600 000
An analysis of the underlying activities for the upcoming 2026 financial year identified the following relationships between the total budgeted FMO of R12 600 000
Activity
|
VitaScan Pro
|
HealthLite
|
Total Allocation of FMO
R
|
Precision assembly and calibration
|
7minutes per unit
|
3 minutes per unit
|
5 670 000
|
Equipment reconfiguration and system adjustments
|
1 setup per
1 500 units
|
1 setup per 2500 units
|
3 780 000
|
Regulatory compliance and clinical validation testing
|
1 validation test on every 5th unit manufactured
|
1 validation test on every 8th unit manufactured
|
3 150 000
|
The precision assembly and calibration costs allocated to HealthLite is (rounded to two decimals) R__________.
The phenomenon where more hours spent studying are associated with
higher exam scores, while fewer study hours are associated with lower exam
scores is known as a ________________
EcoPack Manufacturing (Pty) Ltd operates in the sustainable packaging sector and manufactures two biodegradable packaging products:
· EcoTray (ET) – compostable food trays.
· EcoCup (EC) – compostable beverage cups.
EcoPack uses the absorption costing system, and fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) are allocated based on labour hours Inventory is valued using the FIFO method. The financial year-end is 31 December 2026.
Budget Information for the Year Ending 31 December 2026
Details | Notes | EcoTray(ET) R | EcoCup(EC) R | Total R |
Production units | 1.1 | 3 500 000 | 7 000 000 | 10 500 000 |
Direct material costs | 1.2 | R8 000 000 | R6 000 000 | R14 000 000 |
Direct labour costs | 1.3 | R3 420 000 | ? | ? |
Variable manufacturing overheads | 1.5 | ? | ? | ? |
Fixed manufacturing overheads | 1.6 | ? | ? | R3 000 000 |
Sales commission | 1.7 | ? | ? | ? |
Additional Information:
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For question 9 only assume that:
(i) The budgeted FMO absorption rate is R2,00 p er labour hour and
(ii) Actual fixed manufacturing overheads amounted to R2 400 000
(iii) All other information
remains as per the above remains the same
EcoPack Manufacturing (Pty) Ltd operates in the sustainable packaging sector and manufactures two biodegradable packaging products:
· EcoTray (ET) – compostable food trays.
· EcoCup (EC) – compostable beverage cups.
EcoPack uses the absorption costing system, and fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) are allocated based on labour hours Inventory is valued using the FIFO method. The financial year-end is 31 December 2026.
Budget Information for the Year Ending 31 December 2026
Details | Notes | EcoTray(ET) R | EcoCup(EC) R | Total R |
Production units | 1.1 | 3 500 000 | 7 000 000 | 10 500 000 |
Direct material costs | 1.2 | R8 000 000 | R6 000 000 | R14 000 000 |
Direct labour costs | 1.3 | R3 420 000 | ? | ? |
Variable manufacturing overheads | 1.5 | ? | ? | ? |
Fixed manufacturing overheads | 1.6 | ? | ? | R3 000 000 |
Sales commission | 1.7 | ? | ? | ? |
Additional Information:
For question 8 only assume that:
(i) Closing inventory for EcoTray is 350 000 units.
(ii) Fixed manufacturing overhead rate per unit is R2,20
(iii) Contribution per unit for Eco Tray is R12 per unit
(iv) All
other information remains unchanged as indicated above remains the same
The
budgeted
closing inventory Rand-value (rounded to the nearest rand) of EcoTray for 2026 is _______.EcoPack Manufacturing (Pty) Ltd operates in the sustainable packaging sector and manufactures two biodegradable packaging products:
· EcoTray (ET) – compostable food trays.
· EcoCup (EC) – compostable beverage cups.
EcoPack uses the absorption costing system, and fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) are allocated based on labour hours Inventory is valued using the FIFO method. The financial year-end is 31 December 2026.
Budget Information for the Year Ending 31 December 2026
Details | Notes | EcoTray(ET) R | EcoCup(EC) R | Total R |
Production units | 1.1 | 3 500 000 | 7 000 000 | 10 500 000 |
Direct material costs | 1.2 | R8 000 000 | R6 000 000 | R14 000 000 |
Direct labour costs | 1.3 | R3 420 000 | ? | ? |
Variable manufacturing overheads | 1.5 | ? | ? | ? |
Fixed manufacturing overheads | 1.6 | ? | ? | R3 000 000 |
Sales commission | 1.7 | ? | ? | ? |
Additional Information:
The (round to two decimals) for 2026 is _______ per labour hour.
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EcoPack Manufacturing (Pty) Ltd operates in the sustainable packaging sector and manufactures two biodegradable packaging products:
· EcoTray (ET) – compostable food trays.
· EcoCup (EC) – compostable beverage cups.
EcoPack uses the absorption costing system are allocated based on labour hours Inventory is valued using the FIFO method. The financial year-end is 31 December 2026.
Budget Information for the Year Ending 31 December 2026
Details
|
Notes
|
EcoTray(ET)
R
|
EcoCup(EC)
R
|
Total
R
|
Production units
|
1.1
|
3 500 000
|
7 000 000
|
10 500 000
|
Direct material costs
|
1.2
|
R8 000 000
|
R6 000 000
|
R14 000 000
|
Direct labour costs
|
1.3
|
R3 420 000
|
?
|
?
|
Variable manufacturing overheads
|
1.5
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
Fixed manufacturing overheads
|
1.6
|
?
|
?
|
R3 000 000
|
Sales commission
|
1.7
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
Additional Information:
The