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uBisi Dairies (Pty) Ltd is a South African organic dairy processor based in KwaZulu-Natal. The company purchases raw organic milk from local farmers and processes the milk through a joint manufacturing process. Joint costs are allocated to the joint products using the physical measures method (litres).

uBisi uses the absorption costing system and values inventories using the FIFO method. uBisi has a 31 March financial year-end and budgeted to operate for 28 days during February 2026.

Production process

Raw milk is received, tested, chilled and pasteurised. During separation, the process yields three separately identifiable outputs at the split-off point:

  • Full-Cream Milk (FCM)
  • Low-Fat Milk (LFM)
  • Cream (CRM) (incidental to the process)

 Extract from the budget information for the month of February 2026

Details

Notes

Amount

Joint Production cost

 

 

·       Raw Milk

 

R10,50 per litre

·       Direct Labour

 

R5,10 per litre

·       Production overheads

 

R2,90 per litre

Further processing costs

1.2

?

Packaging costs

1.3

?

Selling Prices

1.3

?

Variable Selling costs

1.3

?

 

Additional information

1.1    The plant budgeted to process 80 000 litres of raw milk a day. The standard yield of the joint 

process is that each litre of raw milk produces one litre of finished dairy product at the split-off point, distributed as follows:

·       55% Full cream milk (FCM)

·       40% Low-Fat Milk (LFM)

·       5% Cream (CRM)

1.2    After the split-off point, Full-Cream Milk and Low-Fat Milk require further processing. Full-Cream

Milk requires 4 machine minutes per litre, and Low-Fat Milk requires 3 machine minutes per litre. Machine processing costs amount to R140 per machine hour. Cream does not require any further processing.

1.3  Selling price and other costs

Detail

FCM

R

LFM

R

CRM

R

Budgeted selling price

45,00

40,00

28,00

Packaging cost

0,70

0,65

0,50

Variable selling and distribution

1,20

1,10

0,80

The total joint costs

allocated to the joint products for the

month ended 28 February

2026 as reflected in the budgeted income statement would be_______.

0%
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uBisi Dairies (Pty) Ltd is a

South African organic dairy processor based in KwaZulu-Natal. The company

purchases raw organic milk from local farmers and processes the milk through a

joint manufacturing process. Joint costs are allocated to the joint products

using the

physical measures method (litres).

uBisi uses the absorption costing system

and values inventories using the FIFO method. uBisi has a 31 March financial

year-end and budgeted to operate for

28 days during February 2026.

Production process

Raw milk is received, tested, chilled

and pasteurised. During separation, the process yields three separately

identifiable outputs at the split-off point:

  • Full-Cream Milk (FCM)
  • Low-Fat Milk (LFM)
  • Cream (CRM) (incidental to the

    process)

 

Extract from the budget

information for the month of February 2026

Details

Notes

Amount

Joint Production cost

 

 

·      

Raw

Milk

 

R10,50 per litre

·      

Direct

Labour

 

R5,10 per litre

·      

Production

overheads

 

R2,90 per litre

Further processing costs

1.2

?

Packaging costs

1.3

?

Selling Prices

1.3

?

Variable Selling costs

1.3

?

 

Additional information

1.1   

The

plant budgeted to process 80 000 litres of raw milk a day. The

standard

yield

of the joint 

process

is that each litre of raw milk produces one litre of finished dairy product at

the split-off point, distributed as follows:

·      

55%

Full cream milk (FCM)

·      

40%

Low-Fat Milk (LFM)

·      

5%

Cream (CRM)

1.2   

After

the split-off point, Full-Cream Milk and Low-Fat Milk require further

processing. Full-Cream

Milk requires

4 machine minutes per litre, and Low-Fat Milk requires 3 machine minutes per

litre. Machine processing costs amount to R140 per machine hour. Cream does not

require any further processing.

1.3  Selling price and other costs

Detail

FCM

R

LFM

R

CRM

R

Budgeted selling price

45,00

40,00

28,00

Packaging cost

0,70

0,65

0,50

Variable selling and

distribution

1,20

1,10

0,80

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uBisi’s budgeted statement of profit or

loss (income statement) for the month ended

 28 February 2026 would reflect the total sales value as (rounded to the nearest rand)

_________ .

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MedTech

Ubuntu (MDU) is a South African medical technology manufacturer producing

portable diagnostic screening devices used in rural clinics and public

hospitals across Sub-Saharan Africa.

At

the 2026 strategic planning meeting, the Marketing Director of MDU expressed

concern about the reported profitability of the VitaScan Pro product line.  She

questioned whether the current method of allocating fixed manufacturing

overheads (FMO) fairly reflects the actual consumption of resources by each

product.

She

stated:

“HealthLite

monitors are produced in much higher volumes than VitaScan Pro. It does not

seem reasonable that VitaScan Pro absorbs such a large portion of fixed

overheads when HealthLite is manufactured in far greater quantities.”

The

management accountant then recommended a review of the costing system. You were

consulted as an expert in

Activity

-Based Costing (ABC) to reassess how fixed

manufacturing overheads should be allocated.

Production

Plan for 2026

·      

VitaScan

Pro units produced: 24 000

·      

HealthLite

monitor units produced: 48 000

·      

Total

budgeted fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO): R12 600 000

 

An

analysis of the underlying activities for the upcoming 2026 financial year

identified the following relationships between the total budgeted FMO of

R12

600 000

and the key production activities:

 

Activity

VitaScan

Pro

HealthLite

Total Allocation of FMO

R

Precision assembly and calibration

7minutes per unit

3 minutes per unit

5 670

000

Equipment reconfiguration and system

adjustments

1 setup per

1 500 units

1 setup per 2500 units

3 780 000

Regulatory compliance and clinical

validation testing

1 validation test on every 5th

unit manufactured

 

1 validation test on every 8th

unit manufactured

 

3 150 000

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Using

ABC, the

activity

rate relating to Regulatory

compliance and clinical validation testing

 (rounded to two decimals) is  __________.

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MedTech

Ubuntu (MDU) is a South African medical technology manufacturer producing

portable diagnostic screening devices used in rural clinics and public

hospitals across Sub-Saharan Africa.

At

the 2026 strategic planning meeting, the Marketing Director of MDU expressed

concern about the reported profitability of the VitaScan Pro product line.  She

questioned whether the current method of allocating fixed manufacturing

overheads (FMO) fairly reflects the actual consumption of resources by each

product.

She

stated:

“HealthLite

monitors are produced in much higher volumes than VitaScan Pro. It does not

seem reasonable that VitaScan Pro absorbs such a large portion of fixed

overheads when HealthLite is manufactured in far greater quantities.”

The

management accountant then recommended a review of the costing system. You were

consulted as an expert in

Activity

-Based Costing (ABC) to reassess how fixed

manufacturing overheads should be allocated.

Production

Plan for 2026

·      

VitaScan

Pro units produced: 24 000

·      

HealthLite

monitor units produced: 48 000

·      

Total

budgeted fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO): R12 600 000

 

An

analysis of the underlying activities for the upcoming 2026 financial year

identified the following relationships between the total budgeted FMO of

R12

600 000

and the key production activities:

 

Activity

VitaScan

Pro

HealthLite

Total Allocation of FMO

R

Precision assembly and calibration

7minutes per unit

3 minutes per unit

5 670

000

Equipment reconfiguration and system

adjustments

1 setup per

1 500 units

1 setup per 2500 units

3 780 000

Regulatory compliance and clinical

validation testing

1 validation test on every 5th

unit manufactured

 

1 validation test on every 8th

unit manufactured

 

3 150 000

The

number of equipment reconfiguration and system adjustments allocated to VitaScan

Pro is _________.

0%
0%
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100%
0%
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MedTech

Ubuntu (MDU) is a South African medical technology manufacturer producing

portable diagnostic screening devices used in rural clinics and public

hospitals across Sub-Saharan Africa.

At

the 2026 strategic planning meeting, the Marketing Director of MDU expressed

concern about the reported profitability of the VitaScan Pro product line.  She

questioned whether the current method of allocating fixed manufacturing

overheads (FMO) fairly reflects the actual consumption of resources by each

product.

She

stated:

“HealthLite

monitors are produced in much higher volumes than VitaScan Pro. It does not

seem reasonable that VitaScan Pro absorbs such a large portion of fixed

overheads when HealthLite is manufactured in far greater quantities.”

The

management accountant then recommended a review of the costing system. You were

consulted as an expert in

Activity

-Based Costing (ABC) to reassess how fixed

manufacturing overheads should be allocated.

Production

Plan for 2026

·      

VitaScan

Pro units produced: 24 000 

·      

HealthLite

monitor units produced: 48 000

·      

Total

budgeted fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO): R12 600 000

 

An

analysis of the underlying activities for the upcoming 2026 financial year

identified the following relationships between the total budgeted FMO of

R12

600 000

and the key production activities:

 

Activity

VitaScan

Pro

HealthLite

Total Allocation of FMO

R

Precision assembly and calibration

7minutes per unit

3 minutes per unit

5 670

000

Equipment reconfiguration and system

adjustments

1 setup per

1 500 units

1 setup per 2500 units

3 780 000

Regulatory compliance and clinical

validation testing

1 validation test on every 5th

unit manufactured

 

1 validation test on every 8th

unit manufactured

 

3 150 000

The

precision assembly and calibration costs allocated to HealthLite is (rounded to two decimals) R__________.

0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
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The phenomenon where more hours spent studying are associated with

higher exam scores, while fewer study hours are associated with lower exam

scores is known as a ________________

0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
Переглянути це питання

EcoPack Manufacturing (Pty) Ltd operates in the sustainable packaging sector and manufactures two biodegradable packaging products:

·       EcoTray (ET) – compostable food trays.

·       EcoCup (EC) – compostable beverage cups.

EcoPack uses the absorption costing system, and fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) are allocated based on labour hours Inventory is valued using the FIFO method. The financial year-end is 31 December 2026.

Budget Information for the Year Ending 31 December 2026

Details

Notes

EcoTray(ET)

R

EcoCup(EC)

R

Total

R

Production units

1.1

3 500 000

7 000 000

10 500 000

Direct material costs

1.2

R8 000 000

R6 000 000

R14 000 000

Direct labour costs

1.3

R3 420 000

?

?

Variable manufacturing overheads

1.5

?

?

?

Fixed manufacturing overheads

1.6

?

?

R3 000 000

Sales commission

1.7

?

?

?

Additional Information:

  1. Eco Pack budgeted to sell 90% of production unit. The selling price per unit is R21,00 per unit for  EcoTray and R15,50 per unit for EcoCup, respectively.
  2. No direct materials or any other losses occur during the manufacturing process. The manufacturing process is mostly automated, with machines doing most of the work. 
  3. Direct labour is mainly required to monitor the machines, perform basic quality checks and handle materials. Each EcoTray requires 8 minutes of direct labour, and each EcoCup requires 6 minutes of direct labour. The same direct labour rate per hour applies to both products.
  4. The entity does not budget for work-in-progress inventory, as all goods produced are completed and transferred to finished goods.
  5. The variable manufacturing overheads are R2,20 per EcoTray and R1,40 per EcoCup.Total Fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) are R3 000 000 per year. 
  6. EcoPack pays sales commission of 3% of selling price.

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For question

9 only assume that:

(i)             

The

budgeted  FMO absorption rate is R2,00 p

er labour

hour and

(ii)            

Actual

fixed manufacturing overheads amounted to R2 400 000

(iii)            All other information

remains as per the above remains the same

0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
Переглянути це питання

EcoPack Manufacturing (Pty) Ltd operates in the sustainable packaging sector and manufactures two biodegradable packaging products:

·       EcoTray (ET) – compostable food trays.

·       EcoCup (EC) – compostable beverage cups.

EcoPack uses the absorption costing system, and fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) are allocated based on labour hours Inventory is valued using the FIFO method. The financial year-end is 31 December 2026.

Budget Information for the Year Ending 31 December 2026

Details

Notes

EcoTray(ET)

R

EcoCup(EC)

R

Total

R

Production units

1.1

3 500 000

7 000 000

10 500 000

Direct material costs

1.2

R8 000 000

R6 000 000

R14 000 000

Direct labour costs

1.3

R3 420 000

?

?

Variable manufacturing overheads

1.5

?

?

?

Fixed manufacturing overheads

1.6

?

?

R3 000 000

Sales commission

1.7

?

?

?

Additional Information:

  1. Eco Pack budgeted to sell 90% of production unit. The selling price per unit is R21,00 per unit for  EcoTray and R15,50 per unit for EcoCup, respectively.
  2. No direct materials or any other losses occur during the manufacturing process. The manufacturing process is mostly automated, with machines doing most of the work. 
  3. Direct labour is mainly required to monitor the machines, perform basic quality checks and handle materials. Each EcoTray requires 8 minutes of direct labour, and each EcoCup requires 6 minutes of direct labour. The same direct labour rate per hour applies to both products.
  4. The entity does not budget for work-in-progress inventory, as all goods produced are completed and transferred to finished goods.
  5. The variable manufacturing overheads are R2,20 per EcoTray and R1,40 per EcoCup.Total Fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) are R3 000 000 per year. 
  6. EcoPack pays sales commission of 3% of selling price.

For

question 8 only assume that:

(i)

    Closing inventory for EcoTray is

350 000 units.

(ii)

    Fixed manufacturing overhead rate per unit

is R2,20

(iii)

   Contribution per unit for Eco Tray is

R12 per unit

(iv)    All

other information remains unchanged as indicated above remains the same

The

budgeted

closing inventory Rand-value (rounded to the nearest rand) of EcoTray for 2026 is _______.

0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
Переглянути це питання

EcoPack Manufacturing (Pty) Ltd operates in the sustainable packaging sector and manufactures two biodegradable packaging products:

·       EcoTray (ET) – compostable food trays.

·       EcoCup (EC) – compostable beverage cups.

EcoPack uses the absorption costing system, and fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) are allocated based on labour hours Inventory is valued using the FIFO method. The financial year-end is 31 December 2026.

Budget Information for the Year Ending 31 December 2026

Details

Notes

EcoTray(ET)

R

EcoCup(EC)

R

Total

R

Production units

1.1

3 500 000

7 000 000

10 500 000

Direct material costs

1.2

R8 000 000

R6 000 000

R14 000 000

Direct labour costs

1.3

R3 420 000

?

?

Variable manufacturing overheads

1.5

?

?

?

Fixed manufacturing overheads

1.6

?

?

R3 000 000

Sales commission

1.7

?

?

?

Additional Information:

  1. Eco Pack budgeted to sell 90% of production unit. The selling price per unit is R21,00 per unit for  EcoTray and R15,50 per unit for EcoCup, respectively.
  2. No direct materials or any other losses occur during the manufacturing process. The manufacturing process is mostly automated, with machines doing most of the work. 
  3. Direct labour is mainly required to monitor the machines, perform basic quality checks and handle materials. Each EcoTray requires 8 minutes of direct labour, and each EcoCup requires 6 minutes of direct labour. The same direct labour rate per hour applies to both products.
  4. The entity does not budget for work-in-progress inventory, as all goods produced are completed and transferred to finished goods.
  5. The variable manufacturing overheads are R2,20 per EcoTray and R1,40 per EcoCup.Total Fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) are R3 000 000 per year. 
  6. EcoPack pays sales commission of 3% of selling price

The

budgeted fixed manufacturing overhead absorption rate

(round to two decimals)

for 2026 is _______ per labour hour.

0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
Переглянути це питання

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EcoPack Manufacturing (Pty) Ltd operates

in the sustainable packaging sector and manufactures two biodegradable

packaging products:

·      

EcoTray

(ET) – compostable food trays.

·      

EcoCup

(EC) – compostable beverage cups.

EcoPack uses the

absorption costing

system

, and fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO)

are allocated based

on labour hours Inventory is valued using the FIFO method. The financial

year-end is 31 December 2026.

Budget

Information for the Year Ending 31 December 2026

Details

Notes

EcoTray(ET)

R

EcoCup(EC)

R

Total

R

Production units

1.1

3

500 000

7

000 000

10

500 000

Direct material costs

1.2

R8

000 000

R6

000 000

R14

000 000

Direct labour costs

1.3

R3

420 000

?

?

Variable manufacturing overheads

1.5

?

?

?

Fixed manufacturing overheads

1.6

?

?

R3

000 000

Sales commission

1.7

?

?

?

Additional Information:

  1. Eco Pack budgeted to sell 90% of production unit. The selling price per unit is R21,00 per unit for EcoTray and R15,50 per unit for EcoCup, respectively.
  2. No direct materials or any other losses occur during the manufacturing process. 
  3. The manufacturing process is mostly automated, with machines doing most of the work. Direct labour is mainly required to monitor the machines, perform basic quality checks and handle materials. Each EcoTray requires 8 minutes of direct labour, and each EcoCup requires 6   minutes of direct labour. The same direct labour rate per hour applies to both products.
  4. The entity does not budget for work-in-progress inventory, as all goods produced are completed and transferred to finished goods.
  5. The variable manufacturing overheads are R2,20 per EcoTray and R1,40 per EcoCup.
  6. Total Fixed manufacturing overheads (FMO) are R3 000 000 per year. 
  7. EcoPack pays sales commission of 3% of selling price

The

prime cost per unit of EcoTray (round to two decimals) for 2026 is _______.

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0%
0%
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100%
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