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The collective leaf surface area provides significant

temporary retention capacity for rainfall.

Canopy interception and evapotranspiration reduce the

volume of rainfall reaching the ground surface.

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Relying exclusively on

conventional gray infrastructure for all water conveyance and treatment in

urban planning & designing.

Integrating the

management of the entire urban water (rainwater, stormwater, groundwater, and

wastewater) into urban planning and infrastructure design holistically.

Focusing water

management solely on post-development retrofitting rather than early-stage planning

& design integration.

Designing just a

pipe-based drainage system that maximizes the speed of runoff to prevent local reservoir

overflow.

Managing stormwater,

wastewater, and potable water as entirely separate, independent systems in an

urban setting.

       A & B only

A,B, C All are correct

Restoration of degraded ecosystems & Sustainable land

management

     Creating wildlife corridors and crossings

     Habitat protection and conservation

Using only chemical treatment to remove pollutants from

runoff before discharge.

Increasing the capacity of combined sewer systems to handle

peak storm flows without overflow.

Installing large,

centralized treatment plants at the downstream end of the catchment

Protecting natural systems

and reducing impervious cover as a non-structural approach.

Both B & C are correct

A large body of standing water surrounded by

land

       A coastal wetland that filters ocean water

An area of land where all surface water drains

into a single common outlet

An underground aquifer that supplies drinking

water to cities

A man-made reservoir constructed for irrigation

purposes

Pressure-reducing valves and smart metering to

minimize leakage and overconsumption

Construct

concrete tunnels only to transport stormwater runoff

Greywater recycling systems that treat and reuse

domestic wastewater from sinks and showers for non-drinking purposes

Rainwater harvesting using rooftop collection

and storage tanks

Drip irrigation systems that deliver water

directly to plant root zones

Deforestation and

fragmentation from agriculture, plantations, and development

Agricultural encroachments/Agricultural conversion/Chena

cultivation

Invasive species

       Protect area conservation

Illegal logging and

selective extraction of high‑value timber

Roots can bind layers of

soil together

Leaf litter provides a barrier against the direct impact of

raindrops

All are correct

Leaves and canopy intercept

rainfall, reducing raindrop kinetic energy and preventing topsoil compaction

from heavy rain

Roots anchor the upper soil

layer into the stable bedrock and increase the shear strength of the soil root

matrix

Mangroves for Coastal

Protection: Reduce storm surge impacts, stabilize shorelines, and support

fisheries

      All of the above

Wetlands for Flood Control:

Store excess water, filter pollutants, and reduce urban flood risks

Coral Reefs as Natural

Breakwaters: Absorb wave energy, protecting coasts while sustaining marine

biodiversity

Forests for Landslide

Prevention in hill country: Stabilize slopes, reduce soil erosion, and regulate

water flows

Engineering dealing with indoor air pollution control to

reduce carbon monoxide poisoning

Engineering is concerned exclusively with urban power grids

within a country.

Engineering focuses on the planning, construction, and

maintenance of city infrastructure.

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Engineering that develops smart city applications like Apps

and software only.