Both depend primarily on temporary voluntary assistance.

Philanthropy relies primarily on voluntary giving, while developmental welfare emphasises participation, empowerment and sustainable social and economic development.

Developmental welfare excludes material assistance, while philanthropy provides material assistance.

Philanthropy provides universal services, while developmental welfare provides selective services.

Reconstruction and aftercare

Early intervention

Statutory intervention

Developmental and empowerment services

It identifies the original social problem.

It gives formal authority to the policy.

It determines the prevalence of the problem.

It establishes community organisations.

It requires welfare benefits to be distributed equally regardless of differences in need.

It requires government to provide the same welfare intervention to every population group.

It places dignity, equality and access to rights at the centre of welfare responses.

It gives individual rights priority over broader social and economic considerations.

A shift towards residual welfare

A shift towards developmental social welfare

A return to philanthropic welfare

A reduction in the state's welfare responsibility

Social exclusion arising from barriers to access

Developmental empowerment

Community participation

Policy legitimation

The programme will necessarily fail during implementation.

Consultation is unnecessary once professionals are involved.

The community has been given too much influence over policy.

Participation may be tokenistic because the community has limited influence over decisions.

Broad and continuing provision requires adequate funding, personnel and service infrastructure.

Services are restricted to a small number of crisis cases.

Most services are expected to be financed through voluntary donations.

Government involvement is limited primarily to regulating private welfare providers.

Integration of social and economic development

Universal entitlement

Welfare as a normal social institution

Intervention after ordinary support systems are unable to meet the need