It has no impact on L3 skills

It supports reading and writing skills in L3

It interferes with grammar acquisition

It limits vocabulary development in L3

It has no effect on language learning

It increases vocabulary retention

It improves listening skills

It reduces fluency and comprehension

L3 acquisition is unaffected by language distance

L3 is easier to learn when it is similar to L1 or L2

L3 is easiest when it is unrelated to known languages

Only grammatical structures matter, not lexical similarity

It has no measurable effect

It slows down processing speed

It helps maintain and manipulate linguistic input

It reduces ability to use native language

Using one language for speaking and another for writing

Learning two languages in the same context, with both processed equally

Learning two languages, one of which is always translated through the other

Learning a language only through grammar translation methods

It provides metalinguistic awareness that can aid L3 learning

It has no impact on L3 acquisition

It leads to confusion and poor performance

It hinders L3 acquisition

Interlanguage

Fossilization

Transfer

Language attrition

Fear of failure

Anxiety about speaking

High motivation and self-confidence

Low self-esteem

No prior knowledge of any language

Lack of vocabulary in previous languages

Complete difference from L1 and L2

Similar grammatical structure to L1 or L2

L3 is acquired in isolation from other languages

L3 always replaces L2 in the brain

L1 and L2 both can influence the learning of L3 positively or negatively