Motivation based on external pressure

Instrumental motivation (for job or travel)

Integrative motivation (desire to integrate into the culture)

Extrinsic motivation with punishment

Reflection speed

Working memory capacity

Multitasking ability

Age of acquisition

Family language background

Motivation to learn

Social and educational environment

Growth of international trade

Transnational education

Migration

Development of local dialects

Using multiple dialects of the same language

Equal proficiency and use of two languages

Using a second language only in academic settings

Knowing one language better than another

A person who speaks exactly two languages

A person who speaks English, French, and Arabic

A person who is learning a second language

A person who speaks English and Spanish

Bilingualism means knowing more than two languages

Bilingualism involves two languages; multilingualism involves three or more

Multilingualism refers only to fluency in three or more languages

They mean exactly the same thing

The structure of vocal cords

Lung capacity

Brain plasticity and neural connectivity

It promotes the use of only English

It requires one language for all communication

It reduces the number of active languages

It fosters multilingual communication and expands users’ language repertoires

Globalization completely replaces native languages with English

Globalization increases language contact and encourages multilingualism

Globalization eliminates all languages except English

Globalization promotes only national languages