(Revenue - Cost of Inventory) / Cost of Disruption

(Total Costs - Revenue) / Total Costs * 100

(Revenue - Total Costs) / Revenue * 100

(Revenue - Cost of Disruption) / Cost of Inventory

All answers are correct.

Disruptive events caused massive shortages for materials and delays in delivery, which further propagated downstream in the SC, resulting in ripple effects and depreciating performances and value, ultimately leading to reduced productivity.

...the Bullwhip Effect and the Ripple Effect are two different words for the same dynamic phenomenon.

..the Bullwhip effect refers to the spread of a distortion, and the Ripple Effect refers to the amplification of a distortion in supply chains.

...the Bullwhip effect is shaped by structural interdependence in the supply chain, and the Ripple Effect is shaped by behavioral responses.

...the Bullwhip effect refers to the amplification of a distortion, and the Ripple Effect refers to the spread of a distortion in supply chains.

Managers should focus on static risk matrices and traditional linear tools.

Managers can develop resilience strategies by anticipating inventory imbalances.

Managers should reframe the Bullwhip Effect as a proxy for resilience.

To stay resilient, managers should NOT respond to sudden demand variations.