Pupil constriction

Relaxation of the bronchi

Reduced heart rate

Relaxation of muscles

by converting adipocyte cells to myocyte cells

restricting blood supply to muscle thereby increasing its efficiency

shifting the population of muscle fibres to fast twitch fibres

resulting in muscles less prone to fatigue

Energy burning

Rich in mitochondria

Contains a single large lipid

Cold stimulation activates energy expenditure

Glucose

Glycogen

Fatty acids

Triglycerides

Noradrenaline synthesis requires vesicular transport

Noradrenaline synthesis requires adrenaline

Noradrenaline synthesis requires dopamine

Noradrenaline synthesis requires tyrosine

Phospholamban is phosphorylated through the activity of phospholipase C

Troponin is phosphorylated through the activity of adenylate cyclase

Glycogen phosphorylase is phosphorylated through the activity of phospholipase C

Myosin light chains are phosphorylated through the activity of adenylate cyclase

stimulates thermogenesis via β3 receptors

inhibits the generation and activation of PKA

stimulates lipolysis via β2 receptors

downregulates lipase activity

an increase in cardiac output

an increase in steadiness of the muscles

an increase in bronchoconstriction

an increase in blood supply to the muscle

decreasing cardiac output

decreasing lipolysis

increasing the breakdown of glycogen in the liver

improving blood flow to skeletal muscle

To ensure that large proteins move more quickly through the gel

To remove primary and secondary structures, allowing proteins to move through the gel

To ensure that protein separation is based solely on charge

To separate the proteins into their subunits by removing tertiary and quaternary structures