It is mainly associated with the cell surface of cells

Together with IgG and IgM it is a very good activator of complement

It is a very good neutralising antibody

It is actively transported across the gut epithelium

Skin

Central nervous system

Intestinal lumen

Spleen

Macrophages

Neutrophils

NK cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Once the appropriate T helper cell type has been triggered by the infection, all CD4 T cells in the area of infection will be driven to become that T helper subset

T helper cytokines will be produced depending on the type of pathogen encounted, and these cytokines regulate the development of T helper subsets

T helper cells can change from one type to another, for example from TH1 to TH2 cells, should the cytokine milieu change over the course of infection

All T helper subsets are generated with roughly equal number of effector cells, to provide the broadest source of protection

They can bind to any MHC class I molecule expressing a particular viral peptide

They revert back to naïve CD8 T cells in the lymph node once the pathogen is eliminated

They drives isotype switching to ensure the correct antibody response against viruses is produced

They don’t require signal 2 for it to have an effect

IgE antibodies

Smooth muscle contractions

Body temperature

Mucus secretion

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and type-1 interferons

Perforin and Fas ligand

Perforin and granzymes

Type 1-interferons and granzymes

IgE

IgA

IgM

IgG

Compared to the primary response it involves a unique and different antigen from the same pathogen to be presented to B cells

The response is faster and more specific than the primary response, and therefore is not as large

It requires approximately 10 days to be fully developed

It is associated with isotype switching of antibodies

The switching from the secretion IgA to IgE antibody in the gut

The change in surface bound immunoglobulin from the IgD to the IgG isotype

The changes that occur in the variable region of an antibody molecule

The reorganisation of the constant region of an antibody