A means to terminate the action of the current flow

A mechanism to regulate the release of the ions carrying current

Storage of ions in specialized vesicles

Hemichannels comntributed by each cell for current flow

Synthesis of the ions by the presynaptic cell

Inactive 2nd messengers become active by an active ion channel

A common 2nd messenger is cyclic AMP

2nd messengers have long-term biochemical/ genetic effects on the cell

2nd messengers can produce a different response in a different cell

They are the 2nd messenger as the 1st messenger is the original ligand that binds to the receptor

It allows more G proteins to be produced than a single chemical signal can produce

It allows for more diverse activation and termination than can be achieved with ion-channel mediated signalling

It allows for the production of more specific G proteins than a single chemical signal can specify

It produces rapid plasticity through amplification and multi-staged signalling

It allows for response diversity and amplification which is less likely with ion channel response systems

Free-floating membrane-associated proteins found on the outer surface of the membrane

Free-floating membrane-associated proteins found on the inner surface of the membrane

That activate 2nd messengers through indirect ion-channel mediated effects

Integral trans-membrane molecules with a single polypeptide chain with 7 trans-membrane domains

Integral trans-membrane ion channels with 7 trans-membrane domains for response diversity through many different ions

Macromolecules made up of phospholipids in a bilayer

Macromolecules made up of amino acids

Macromolecules made up of phospholipids

Macromolecules made up of identical protein sub-units

Macromolecules made up of proteins

That the antagonism of GABA effects by benzodiazepine would not be made any bigger by barbiturate

That the effects of GABA would be totally antagonized by benzodiazepine and barbiturate

That the effects of GABA would be partially antagonized by benzodiazepine

That the greatest amount of post-synaptic membrane potential de-polarization would occur with the binding of all three agents

That the greatest amount of post-synaptic membrane potential hyper-polarization would occur with the binding of all three agents

It breaks down the receptor to prevent the chemical eliciting the usual response.

It changes the receptor shape to prevent the chemical eliciting the usual response.

It increases the refractory period duration of the receptor.

It prevents the receptor from interacting with chaperone proteins

It causes the receptor to dissociate into the alpha sub-unit and the beta-gamma dimer subunit.

Ionotropic but not metabotropic receptors directly modulate the on-going movement of ions

Ionotropic but not metabotropic receptors have regulatory sites to modulate the binding of ligands

Ionotropic but not metabotropic receptors show different affinities for chemical agents

Ionotropic but not metabotropic receptors undergo a conformational change after binding ligand

Ionotropic but not metabotropic receptors show specificity for ligands